Тараз 2018
CONTENTS
Unit I. History
Unit II. Psychology
Unit III. Journalism and Philology
Unit IV. Types of Presentation
UNIT 1 HISTORY
Theme 1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
A. Before you read - think and discuss
1. The ultimate origins of the English language lie in which language family?
(a) Indo-European
(b) Latin
(c) North American
2. From where are the words "England" and "English" derived?
II) Answer the questions below in full sentences:
1. What Germanic dialects formed Old English?
2. What happened with the Celtic speaking inhabitants?
3. What was the name of the Vikings ́ language?
4. Who wrote “Beowulf”?
5. What is the Great Vowel Shift?
6. What is “The Canterbury Tales” about?
7. Why was “the age of Shakespeare” important in English cultural history?
8. In what way did the Industrial Revolution affect the development of the language?
9. What were some of the countries belonging to the British Empire?
10. What are the three main periods of the English language?
III) Choose the right answer
1. The ultimate origins of the English language lie in which language family?
(a) Indo-European
(b) Latin
(c) North American
2. What is another name for Old English?
(a) Middle English
(b) Anglo-Saxon
(c) Celtic
3. Which one of the following texts was composed during the Old English period?
(a) The Canterbury Tales
(b) Beowulf
(c) Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge
4. During the Middle English period, many words were borrowed from which two languages?
(a) Celtic and Old Norse
(b) Urdu and Iroquoian
(c) Latin and French
5. Published in 1604, the first monolingual English dictionary was
(a) Nathaniel Bailey's Universal Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
(b) Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language
(c) Robert Cawdrey's Table Alphabeticall
6. Which Anglo-Irish writer proposed the creation of an English Academy to regulate English usage and "ascertain" the language?
(a) Jonathan Swift
(b) Samuel Johnson
(c) Oliver Goldsmith
7. Who published the book Dissertations on the English Language (1789), which advocated an American standard of usage?
(a) Noah Webster
(b) John Webster
(c) Daniel Webster
8. Which late-19th century novel introduced a colloquial prose style that significantly influenced the writing of fiction in the U.S.?
(a) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain
(b) Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain
(c) Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave by Aphra Behn
9. The Philological Society's New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, begun in 1879, was eventually published under which title in 1928?
(a) Roget's Thesaurus
(b) The King's English
(c) Oxford English Dictionary
10. During which decade did the number of speakers of English as a second language exceed the number of native speakers for the first time?
(a) 1920s
(b) 1950s
(c) 1990s
Theme 2. HISTORY OF KAZAKH LANGUAGE GRAPHICS
A. Before you read - think and discuss
1. When did the history of Kazakh language start?
2. What can you tell about the transition to the Latin alphabet by 2025?
UNIT 2 PSYCHOLOGY
Theme 3. PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
A. Before you read - think and discuss
1. Do you like the profession of psychologist?
2. Why do you think it‟s important?
3. Do we need this profession in our country?
PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes in humans and animals. The goals of psychology are to describe, predict, explain and control behaviour.
Behaviour includes those activities of an organism which can be directly observed or recorded. Mental processes are cognitive operations which can be directly known only by the experiencing person, for example thinking, perceiving, dreaming. Some mental processes operate outside of conscious awareness and are called non-conscious or unconscious. They may include problem solving or emotions.
Psychology appeared as a science in the late 19th century. Historically it was influenced by Chinese philosophers such as Confucius and Greek philosophers such as Socrates and Aristotle.
In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt developed the first scientific psychology laboratory. Wundt used the approach that became known as structuralism. It emphasized the importance of conscious thought and classification of the mind’s structures and elements of consciousness (sensations, images, feelings).
In the United States, William James used functionalism, the approach that emphasized the study of the functions of the mind and behaviour in adapting to environment. Mental phenomena were called processes or functions (thinking, feeling, perceiving). This school gave ideas of modern applied psychology.
In 1900 Freud created psychoanalysis. This approach emphasized the importance of thoughts and motives which are unconscious but strongly influence behaviour. Freud’s theory of personality dynamics has been applied to development, abnormal behaviour, and psychotherapy.
A group of psychologists, including John Watson, used the approach that emphasized scientific study of stimuli and responses. This approach is called behaviorism. It dominated American psychology from the 1920s to the 1950s.
The experimental psychology, research technology helped to show the importance of neurobiological factors in behaviour. The use of computers as models for human intelligence helped popularize the field known as cognitive psychology.
The following 6 perspectives have dominated the development of psychology research:
| 1. behavioral | scientific study of observable responses |
| 2. psychoanalytic | the unconscious aspects of the mind, early experiences, and conflict between instincts and society demands |
| 3. humanistic | capacity for personal growth and freedom |
| 4. neurobiological | the importance of the brain and nervous system in understanding behaviour, thought, and emotion |
| 5. cognitive | the importance of mental processes |
| 6. socio-cultural | the importance of culture, ethnicity and gender |
Who is a psychologist? A psychologist is a person who deals with psychology. Psychology is present in different branches of our life, knowing about psychology may not give all the answers but it helps to ask the right questions. A psychologist studies the mind and behaviour to learn more about it. He or she may also work with the people to help solve problems.
Psychologists may be divided into two groups.
Academic psychologists do research. In the research area specializations exist in the following areas: experimental and physiological, developmental, social, personality, cross-cultural psychology. Professional psychologists, on the other hand, use the results of research work and put them into practice.
Psychology is a science with many areas of specialization. The most practiced specialization is clinical and counseling psychology. A branch of medicine that specializes in abnormal behaviour and psychotherapy is psychiatry. Psychiatrists are doctors that use physical treatment like drugs. But clinical psychologists develop programmes to teach people better ways of coping with their lives. Counseling psychologists help people to deal with the stresses of everyday life.
Psychologists who study behaviour and mental processes in the life cycle are developmental psychologists.
Educational psychologists study children’s learning and adjustment.
Health psychology is a very broad area. The aspects of it are health education problems, antismoking campaigns, anti-AIDS campaigns, healthy diets.
Environmental psychologists are specialists in how people are affected by the environment. They act as consultants for new architectural developments, in approaches to reducing crime through the design of the city.
Forensic psychologists deal with many aspects of crime: analyzing the reasons of committing crimes, rehabilitation of criminals.
Sport psychologists work with coaches and sportsmen, advise on how to reduce stress, develop better training systems.
Consumer psychologists study how people spend their money. They take part in designing shops, shelf lay-outs. They do advertising and market research, study how the products can come to the markets.
As we can see, professional psychologists can be found at work in almost any area of dealing with people.
I) Say if these sentences are True or False:
1. To describe, predict, explain and control behavior are the goals of psychology.
2. The science “Psychology” appeared in the early 19th century.
3. Wilhelm Wundt is one of the greatest psychologists who developed the first psychology laboratory.
4. William Wundt is the “father” of “functional psychology”.
5. Freud created the theory of personality dynamics that has been applied to development, abnormal behaviour, and psychotherapy.
6. A psychologist is a person who deals with biology and physiology.
7. Academic psychologist use the results of research work and put them into practice.
8. The aspects of forensic psychologists are health education problems, antismoking campaigns, anti-AIDS campaigns, healthy diets.
9. Consumer psychologists study how the products can come to the markets and take part in designing shops, shelf lay-outs.
10. Sport psychologists give advice on how to reduce stress, develop better training systems.
II) Answer the questions below in full sentences:
1. What is psychology?
2. When and how did this science appear?
3. What did Wilhelm Wundt, William James developed in psychology?
4. What is psychoanalysis and who is the author of it?
5. What are 6 dominating perspectives in the development of psychology research?
6. What is the difference between academic and professional psychology?
7. What do developmental psychologists study?
8. What does the consumer psychologist do?
9. What is the most practiced specialization in psychology?
10. What are the differences between forensic psychologists, sport psychologists, environmental psychologists?
III) Fill in the gaps in the sentences below with an appropriate phrasal verb from the box:
| setting up | find out | borders on | concerned with | dates back |
1. The History of Psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior
__________________________to the Ancient Greeks.
2. Psychology____________________various other fields including physiology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, sociology, anthropology, as well as philosophy and other components of the humanities.
3. Wundt is credited with___________________ psychology as a field of scientific inquiry independent of the disciplines philosophy and biology.
4. James felt that psychology should have practical value, and that psychologists should_________________ how the mind can function to a person‟s benefit.
5. Starting in the 1950s, the experimental techniques set forth by Wundt, James, Ebbinghaus, and others would be reiterated as experimental psychology became increasingly cognitivist__________________information and its processing – and, eventually, constituted a part of the wider cognitive science.
Theories of Personality
Personality is the pattern of behaviour, thinking and feeling that characterize the individual and the way he adapts to the world.
Personality psychologists are interested in describing and explaining human differences. There are different theories that have tried to explain personality and its development. Some theories say that biological and genetic factors are responsible for our personality, the others say that life experiences are more important.
| Approach | Theorist | Basic ideas of the theory |
| Psychodynamic | S. Freud | Behaviorism is a theory that studies only observable behaviour. Behaviorists are not interested in mental processes that can not be observed. This approach only analyses behaviour that can be seen – stimuli and responses (S – R) |
| Behavioural | B. Skinner | Personality is a collection of learnt behaviour formed by environment. A person can imitate if he has the necessary skills to do it and motivation to do it. The quality of a model is very important. With an aggressive, fearful, antisocial model a person will not learn socially useful behavior |
| Social learning | A. Bandura W. Mischel J. Rotter | Personality, behaviour and environment influence one another. The role of cognitive behaviour is important. |
| Big Five Trait Theory | G.Allport H.Eysenck | l includes 5 basic dimensions of personality: · extroversion (outgoing, talkative, sociable); · agreeableness (cooperative, fair, sympathetic); · conscientiousness (organized, efficient, reliable); · emotional stability (even-tempered, good-natured, calm); · openness to experience (intelligent, artistic, sophisticated). |
| Humanistic | C.Roger A.Maslow | It is an optimistic response to the pessimism of psychodynamic theory. This approach stresses that each person has the capacity for personal growth, positive growth, free will and freedom to choose one’s destiny. It also stresses self-actualization (realization of the human potential). |
Each level is less biological and more social. Basic needs must be satisfied first. When a person satisfies one level, this satisfaction activates needs at the next level. For example, after the basic physiological needs are satisfied, safety and security become motivating.
This theory is important because it shows how complex the human needs are.
It was Maslow who formally introduced to psychology the model of a healthy, optimally functioning individual.
Researchers have identified personality traits in 10-year-olds that can determine how successful they may be as adults. Contrary to these expectations, children who were often worried, played on their own, cried a lot had the tendency to develop into successful adults. As an adult, a person was not expected to smoke or commit a crime. The researchers explained that solitary children could make up their minds and not to be influenced by others.
The research showed that children who destroyed their toys, were disobedient and bullied the others could be dissatisfied with their adult life.
Children who stole, got into fights, told lies had a great chance of being out of work, smoking.
Children who had plenty of self-esteem and had good friendships with other children had better chances of success as adults.
Emma Cahill, 28, who recently founded her own publishing company, said she had a good social life at the age of 10. “I have never felt foolish in front of my friends and my parents always wanted to listen to my ideas. I hated quarrels and avoided them.”
Roy O’Neill, a 40-year-old, said that at 30 he was suffering from depression and his wife wanted to divorce him. He says: “When I was 10, I used to set fire to my toy soldiers. I was fighting and I was a liar. I look miserable at all photos”.
Boys who blamed the others for their problems were likely to enter adult life with poor qualifications and have low income. Good maths skills in girls and good reading skills in boys were connected with greater happiness in adult life. Friendship with other children meant less chance of depression later in life.
Other research showed that the way teenagers spend their time can influence their later lives, no matter what the social class of their parents is.
PEOPLE MEET PEOPLE: How different are the attitudes of different people to other people! One person, during a long train journey, will not observe other travellers. The other will analyze their character, try to guess about their circumstances, even discover secret histories of some of them.
Some people find almost everybody boring, others develop friendship. Take again such thing as travelling: some people will travel through many countries, always going to the best hotels, eating exactly the same food as they wood eat at home, meeting the same idle rich people, discussing the same topics. When they get home, they feel happy that this boring journey is finished. Other people will meet local people, observe what is interesting historically or socially, eat food of the country, learn the customs and the language, and come home with new impressions and ideas.
In all these different situations the person who has the curiosity and interest in life has the advantage over the person who has none.
I) Say if these sentences are True or False:
1. The pattern of behaviour, thinking and feeling that characterize the individual and the way he adapts to the world is called personality.
2. The author of humanistic approach is B.Skinner.
3. The authors of big five trait theory are G.Allport, H.Eysenck.
4. In behavioral approach personality is a collection of learnt behaviour formed by environment.
5. According to research children who were often worried, played on their own, cried a lot had the tendency to develop into successful adults.
6. The researchers explained that solitary children could make up their minds to be influenced by others.
7. The research showed that children who destroyed their toys, were obedient and bullied the others could be satisfied with their adult life.
8. According to the research works awful maths skills in boys and good reading skills in girls were connected with greater happiness in adult life.
9. Research works show that the friendship with other children meant less chance of depression later in life.
10. Personality psychologists are interested in describing and explaining human differences.
II) Answer the questions below in full sentences:
1. What is personality?
2. What are the approaches explaining the personality?
3. Who are the authors of social learning approach?
4. What are the basic ideas of psychodynamic theory?
5. What basic ideas do the social learning include?
6. What approach was created by B.Skinner?
7. What basic dimensions do the five big theory include?
8. What did Roy O’Neill, a 40-year-old, say about his life experience?
9. What did Emma Cahil say about her feelings when she was 10 years old?
10. How different are the attitudes of different people?
III) PERSONALITY QUIZ. HOW EASILY ARE YOU TEMPTED?
- Your definition of temptation is:
a) the root of all evil;
b) your best friend’s boyfriend/ girlfriend;
c) Tom Cruise, Belgian chocolate, apple pie.
- You go into your sister’s bedroom to borrow a cassette. Under a pile of magazines you see her diary. You:
a) don’t touch it. If she caught you she would kill you;
b) take a diary to your room and read it from start to finish. She has a poor memory, she’ll forget where she’s put it;
c) read a few pages, then get out of the room very fast.
- You open the fridge and come face to face with a huge chocolate cake. You know it’s tonight’s dessert so you:
a) take it out of the fridge and cut yourself a nice big slice. What’s the difference when you’ll eat it?
b) make sure nobody’s looking and take a bit;
c) think about cutting yourself a slice, then change your mind.
- You pay for your shampoo with a $10 note. You can hardly believe your eyes when the assistant puts $18 change. He thinks you gave him $20. You:
a) give him back the extra money immediately. You wouldn’t like him to lose his job;
b) take the change and wander about the shop while you decide what to do, then go back and give the change;
c) take the change and get away fast.
- You’ve got to write an essay tonight but an interesting film is on TV.
a) promise yourself you’ll watch 10 minutes, then turn it off;
b) watch the whole film. You can not miss it;
c) write an essay.
- You mate’s girlfriend/ boyfriend asks you out. Although he/ she is very nice, you know it’s wrong, so you;
a) accept anyway. When will you get another chance like this?
b) give him/ her a cold look and promise to tell your mate;
c) think about the invitation for a few minutes and decide against it.
| Scoring: 1. a) 0 b) 3 c) 6 2. a) 0 b) 6 c) 3 3. a) 0 b) 3 c) 6 4. a) 0 b) 3 c) 6 5. a) 3 b) 6 c) 0 6. a) 6 b) 0 c) 3 | 24-36: Mr/ Ms Temptation. Do you ever say “no” to anything? Our advice: next time you are going to do something – think first. 12-21: Naughty but nice. Like most of us you’re only human. That means there’s plenty of room for improvement. 0-9: Made of iron. You really know what is right and what is wrong. |
Journalism is a Hard Life
What sort of people are journalists? What qualities and qualifications do they possess?
If you accept the picture so often given on the movie or television screen, newspapermen are hard-bitten, rude, hat-wearing, shouting people who unravel crime mysteries, call their editor “Chief’, and seem to have unlimited expenses. Beware of that picture.
The Concise Oxford Dictionary describes a journalist as “one whose business is to edit or write for a public journal”. That’s all.
Journalism is a hard life. It can be exciting, but-it can be sometimes boring. It can be frustrating, too. It can be demanding and so make it difficult or impossible for you to do a lot of things that other people do in their spare time. It can separate you from your family for a great amount of your time; some journalists see their school-going children only at weekends. It can cut you off from a good deal of social life with your friends, and it can make it almost impossible for you to know when you will be free and what time you will have to call your own.
Despite this, those who are journalists can imagine few ways of life that are more rewarding, despite the drawbacks and frustrations of their profession. Most sub-editors, particularly night sub-editors, lead a hard life, shut off from personal contact with the outside world; but many of them have been reporters and have known the thrill of meeting important people and of writing a good story - the excitement of being a journalist.
To be a good journalist you must have a great deal of curiosity. You must like people and be interested in what they do, you must be able to get on easy and friendly terms with men and women of all sorts, however much they may differ from each other or from you. Journalism is no place for the shy person who finds it difficult to talk to strangers. He must be able to write, not necessarily at the standard of great writers, but in a simple and lucid fashion and, above all, quickly, and in short sentences which convey concisely what is meant.
A reporter is responsible to his chief of staff. He is told to refer matters which involve decisions to the chief of staff.
But the chief of staff is not with him when he is reporting the proceedings of Parliament or some meeting; not with him when he is interviewing an important person; not with him when he is reporting an event involving loss of life, a bushfire or a flood. There the reporter is on his own, with nobody to turn to for advice. There he has to make his own decisions and shoulder responsibility. A good journalist is not easily rebuffed. He must have a good deal of self-reliance and push and energy and initiative, if you think you can measure up to these standards try to take up journalism as a career.
Ask anyone in the business what it takes to make a newspaperman and you are likely to get the whole catalogue of human virtues in answer.
You will be told, for example, that you have to be unusually curious, that you have to like people and understand them, have feeling and compassion for your fellow-man, and be able to make him talk to you. Naturally, you have to have a compulsive urge to write, be able to express yourself clearly, enjoy reading, and be ready to study beyond office hours. You should of course be willing to work hard. You should have not only an ordinary education but an extraordinary broad one. On top of this you should have a pleasant personality, be sincere, enthusiastic, have a sense of humour, be dependable, sensitive, idealistic, dedicated, open- minded and responsible.
...I shouldn’t worry too much whether you have this or that quality, let alone a couple of them. The chief question is whether the idea of being a reporter attracts you.
I) Say if these sentences are True or False:
1. Journalism is one of the most difficult jobs, which can be sometimes either exciting or boring.
2. It’s not a strong rule to have a great deal of curiosity to be a good journalist.
3. Journalists must like people and be interested in what they do; they must be able to get on easy and friendly terms with audience of all sorts.
4. A reporter or a journalist is responsible to his chief of staff.
5. Journalists, reporters are told to refer matters which involve decisions to the chief of staff.
6. The chief of staff is always with him when he is reporting the proceedings of Parliament or some meeting; with him when he is interviewing an important person.
7. Journalists do not have to have a compulsive urge to write, be able to express themselves clearly.
8. It’s not important that journalists should have a pleasant personality, be sincere, enthusiastic, have a sense of humour, be dependable, sensitive, idealistic, dedicated, open- minded and responsible.
9. Journalism is very frustrating job.
10. . Most sub-editors, lead a hard life, shut off from personal contact with the outside world.
II) Answer the questions below in full sentences:
1. How are journalists sometimes shown on the movie or television screen?
2. Have you seen any films about journalists? Comment on them.
3. How does the Concise Oxford Dictionary define the word “journalist”?
4. Why does the author think that journalism is a hard life?
5. How does the author describe the way journalists should be able to write?
6. Who is the reporter responsible to?
7. Why is it so important for a reporter to be able to make his own decisions?
8. How chief of staff influences on the work of journalists?
9. Who is a good journalist?
10. Why a journalist should have a pleasant personality, be sincere, enthusiastic and have a sense of humour
III) a) Match the expressions with the corresponding definitions
| 1) to look scruffy | a) inborn interest |
| 2) to be deliberately negated | b) a true/ genuine description/reflection of smth |
| 3) a good scholastic record | c) to have good school results |
| 4) a dedicated professional | d) to look dirty and untidy |
| 5) an unbiased picture | e) a specialist devoted to his profession |
| 6) to have a great deal of curiosity | f) to have much interest in something |
| 7) an innate interest | g) to cause to have no carefully prepared effect |
b) Сomplete the sentences by filling in the gaps with the words from the box.
dependable, virtues, dedicated, primary, accurate, unbiased, rewarding, a great deal of, current, dissemination, edge, interchangeable, pleasant
1. A _______________professional prepared to work long hours for little money.
2. Journalists try to pass on an __________, _________________picture to their readers.
3. The journalists’ ____________objective is to educate, entertain and inform.
4. It is difficult to imagine more _______________way of life than journalism.
5. A journalist should have a__________ personality, be sincere, enthusiastic, be ___________, dedicated, responsible.
6. Ask anyone what it takes to make a journalist and you are likely to get the whole catalogue of human________________ in answer.
7. A journalist is a person who practices journalism, the gathering and_______________of information about ______________events and people.
8. To be a good journalist you must have________________curiosity.
9. Many people consider a journalist_______________ with a reporter.
10. University graduates entering journalism should consider they have perhaps a competitive ______________________on those who have not been to university.
Get up
Although you may have never heard of the term Glossophobia, you may suffer from it. Glossophobia is the fear of public speaking and is the number one fear in North America. More people are afraid of speaking in public than dying! If the thought of speaking in front of a group of people is enough to make your knees feel weak, try to get up and walk around during your presentation. Walking around can sometimes help release nervous energy. It’s also a great way to keep the attention of your audience.
Stand Up
Standing up during a presentation helps keep your energy level high. If you’re sitting down, some of your meeting guests may not be able to see you, therefore they turn their attention to other things such as email, text messages or even games. Stand up and try to make eye contact with various audience members throughout your presentation.
Don’t overload your slides
When you have a lot of information packed into one slide, your presentation audience can begin to overwhelm people. Once you lost the attention of your guests, it will be very difficult to get it back. Try to keep only one main point on each slide with 15 words or fewer per slide.
Online meeting tools
Have you ever had to do a presentation with virtual attendees? It can be fun, but also a bit tricky. You want to make sure you’re using the best meeting tool that meets all of your needs. You can choose from various interactive backgrounds, upload your personal picture for your profile and store videos, images and documents in the “file cabinet” and share with others. Are multiple presenters needed for a presentation? No problem. You can pass control with the click of a button.
Parts of Presentation
Most presentations are divided into 3 main parts (+ questions):
1.Introduction 2. Main part (Questions) 3. Conclusion (Questions)
As a general rule in communication, repetition is valuable. In presentations, there is a golden rule about repetition:
- Say what you are going to say...
- say it...
- then say what you have just said.
In other words, use the three parts of your presentation to reinforce your message. In the introduction, you tell your audience what your message is going to be. In the body, you tell your audience your real message. In the conclusion, you summarize what your message was.
We will now consider each of these parts in more detail.
Introduction: The introduction is a very important - perhaps the most important - part of your presentation. This is the first impression that your audience have of you. You should concentrate on getting your introduction right. You should use the introduction to:
- welcome your audience
- introduce your subject
- outline the structure of your presentation
- give instructions about questions
The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to modify the language as appropriate.
| Function | Possible language |
| 1. Welcoming your audience | · Good morning, ladies and gentlemen · Good morning, gentlemen · Good afternoon, ladies and gentleman · Good afternoon, everybody |
| 2. I ntroducing your subject | · I am going to talk today about... · The purpose of my presentation is to introduce our new range of... |
| 3. Outlining your structure | · To start with I'll describe the progress made this year. Then I'll mention some of the problems we've encountered and how we overcame them. After that I'll consider the possibilities for further growth next year. Finally, I'll summarize my presentation (before concluding with some recommendations). |
| 4. Giving instructions about questions | · Do feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions. · I'll try to answer all of your questions after the presentation. · I plan to keep some time for questions after the presentation. |
Body: The body is the 'real' presentation. If the introduction was well prepared and delivered, you will now be 'in control'. You will be relaxed and confident.
The body should be well structured, divided up logically, with plenty of carefully spaced visuals.
Remember these key points while delivering the body of your presentation:
- do not hurry
- be enthusiastic
- give time on visuals
- maintain eye contact
- modulate your voice
- look friendly
- keep to your structure
- use your notes
- signpost throughout
- remain polite when dealing with difficult questions
Conclusion:Use the conclusion to:
- Sum up
- (Give recommendations if appropriate)
- Thank your audience
- Invite questions
The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to modify the language as appropriate.
| Function | Possible language |
| 1. Summing up | · To conclude,... · In conclusion,... · Now, to sum up... · So let me summarise/recap what I've said. · Finally, may I remind you of some of the main points we've considered. |
| 2. Giving recommendations | · In conclusion, my recommendations are... · I therefore suggest/propose/recommend the following strategy. |
| 3. Thanking your audien ce | · Many thanks for your attention. · May I thank you all for being such an attentive audience. |
| 4. Inviting questions | · Now I'll try to answer any questions you may have. · Can I answer any questions? · Are there any questions? · Do you have any questions? · Are there any final questions? |
Questions: Questions are a good opportunity for you to interact with your audience. It may be helpful for you to try to predict what questions will be asked so that you can prepare your response in advance. You may wish to accept questions at any time during your presentation, or to keep a time for questions after your presentation. Normally, it's your decision, and you should make it clear during the introduction. Be polite with all questioners, even if they ask difficult questions. They are showing interest in what you have to say and they deserve attention. Sometimes you can reformulate a question. Or answer the question with another question. Or even ask for comment from the rest of the audience.
Тараз 2018
CONTENTS
Unit I. History
Unit II. Psychology
Unit III. Journalism and Philology
Дата: 2019-03-05, просмотров: 400.
