The Ingweons (or Ingevons), which included the tribes of the Cimbri, Teuton, and Hawk. They also included the Angles, Saxons, Utes, friezes and many others. They lived in the northwestern part of the German territory, on the North Sea coast, and on the Jutland peninsula.
Istvony (or Ischevon), Rhine tribes - brukteri, hamav, salia and others, later merged into tribal unions of the Franks.
4. Pevkina, Bastarna, who lived in the east, on the territory "bordering on the Dacians."
Herminones (or Herminones). These included the Marcomanni, the Quads, the Lombards, the Alamanni, and some small tribes that lived in the south of the German lands.
Gilleviony - Scandinavian tribes. Pliny mentions them in another chapter of his Natural History, since they were geographically isolated from other Germanic tribes.
Tacitus also has references to ingevonas, ischevones and herminones. He speaks of them in connection with the myth, which told about the origin of the Germans from the three sons of the god Mann: Inge, Isk, Hermine, who gave the names of these three ethnic groups. Tacitus lists the tribes that belonged to these groups, mentioning separately the Svets, "Vandilii" and others, and suggests that the god Thuiskon, the father of Mann, had more sons, from whom the names of other tribes went.
In his work “On the History of the Ancient Germans” F. Engels accepts Pliny's classification with minor amendments, believing that it reflects the real picture of the settlement of Germanic tribal groups and basically agrees with the linguistic classification that was established many centuries later when studying the monuments of the Old German writing . His amendment to this classification is that he does not single out the singers and bastarnas into a separate tribal group, but unites them with the Goths and other tribes into the Vindil group, since, in all likelihood, they were ready to join the tribesmen. subsequently into the gothic kingdom.
Classification of ancient Germanic tribal languages. Monuments of Old German writing, the study of which made it possible to classify Germanic languages, were created in the era of the formation of the barbarian kingdoms, in the era of the Christianization of the Germans and the spread of the Latin alphabet and Latin alphabet. Different ethnic groups are not attached to the culture of the letter of letters at the same time, and this explains the fact that the first written monuments of the Germans recorded the state of languages at different levels of their development.
Based on the study of the monuments of ancient Germanic writing, the following language groups are distinguished:
Eastern, represented by the monuments of the Gothic language, dating back to 4 - 6 centuries. With the destruction of the kingdom of the Ostrogoths, writing in Gothic language disappeared.
Northern (Scandinavian) group, up to 10 century. represented by the monuments of runic writing; from 10th c. it distinguishes between Old Danish, Old Swedish, Old Norse and Old Norse.
The Western group, represented (from the 7th century onwards) by monuments in Old English, Old Frisian, Old Saxon, Old Low German and Old High German.
The Germanic languages of the northern and western groups have survived to our time. They developed into national languages or became dialects of national languages.
If we compare two classifications - ethnic (Pliny - Engels) and linguistic, we get the following picture:
Vindyly - Goths, Burgundians, etc. were native speakers of East Germanic languages.
The Ingweons — Teutons, Hawks, Friezes, Angles, Saxons, Utes, etc., and Eastwones — Frankish tribes, herminons — Alemanni, Bavarians, Langobards, and others. Were native speakers of West Germanic languages.
Compare the classifications of the ancient Germanic languages by Pliny the Elder and the traditional three-part classification. Determine the similarities and differences between them in the form of a table
| Classification of ancient Cermanic tribes languages | Classification of Pliny by Elder |
| 1. Eastern, represented by the monuments of the Gothic language, dating back to 4 - 6 centuries. With the destruction of the kingdom of the Ostrogoths, writing in Gothic language disappeared. | Vindyly - Goths, Burgundians, etc. were native speakers of East Germanic languages. |
| 2. Northern (Scandinavian) group, up to 10 century. represented by the monuments of runic writing; from 10th c. it distinguishes between Old Danish, Old Swedish, Old Norse and Old Norse. | The Ingweons — the Teutons, the Hawks, the friezes, the Angles, the Saxons, the Utes, and others; |
| 3. The Western group, represented (from the 7th century onwards) by monuments in Old English, Old Frisian, Old Saxon, Old Low German and Old High German. | Gilleviony - Scandinavian tribes spoke North German languages. |
Classification of ancient Germanic tribal languages. Monuments of Old German writing, the study of which made it possible to classify Germanic languages, were created in the era of the formation of the barbarian kingdoms, in the era of the Christianization of the Germans and the spread of the Latin alphabet and Latin alphabet. Different ethnic groups are not attached to the culture of the letter of letters at the same time, and this explains the fact that the first written monuments of the Germans recorded the state of languages at different levels of their development.
But especially valuable are the information of Pliny the Elder, the natural scientist (years of life - 23-79 AD), as well as Tacitus, historian (years of life - 58-117 AD). In his works, Annals and Germany, the latter gives important information not only about the existing classification of the tribes, but also about their life, culture, and social structure. Tacitus distinguishes 3 groups: istevones, hermions and ingevones. Pliny the Elder also mentioned the same groups, but attributed the Teutons and Cimbrians to the Indevons. This classification, apparently, quite accurately reflects the division in the 1st century AD. e. Germanic tribes.
29. Identify the prerequisites for the development of CHM (comparative-historical method) and name the two main stages of the development of comparativistics. On the example of scientific works of world scientists, justify and explain this method. Present your findings in the form of a diagram
Comparative- historical method is a set of methods and procedures of historical and genetic research og language families and groups, as well as individual languages, used in comparative historical linguistics to establish the historical patters of language development. The perresentatives are F. Bopp, R.Rask, J.Grimm( the beginning of the nineteenth century). Historical linguistics distinguishes the method of international reconstrustion( diachronic, interlinguistic) and the method of external reconstruction (diachronic, Intralinguistic) .
The method of external reconstruction established the primary sourse of all related languages and dialects of a given group or family by consistently comparing phonological, lexical and morphological phenomena of relted languages.
The method of internal reconstruction is the comparison of the same phenomena of one language at different stages of historical change.
The development of the comparative-historical method is divided into 2 parts. 1. Comparative historical appeared after the discovery by Europeans of Sanskrit, the literary language of ancient India.
At the beginning of the 19th century, independently of one another, various scholars from different countries began exploring the kinship relations of languages within a given family and achieved remarkable results.
On the example of scientific works of world scientists to justify and explain this method.
Franz Bopp investigated by comparative method conjugation of the main verbs in Sanskrit, Greek, Latin and Gothic, comparing both roots and inflections. On the large material studied, Bopp proved the declarative thesis of William Jones and in 1833 wrote the first “Comparative Grammar of Indo-Germanic (Indo-European) Languages”.
The Danish scholar Rasmus-Christian Rask emphasized in every possible way that grammatical correspondences are much more important than lexical ones, because the borrowings of inflection, and in particular inflections, "never happens." Rask compared the Icelandic language with the Greenlandic, Basque, Celtic languages and refused them to be related (Rasker later changed his mind about Celtic languages). Then Rask compared the Icelandic language with Norwegian, then with other Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish), then with other Germanic, and, finally, with Greek and Latin.
Identify the sociocultural, sociolinguistic and historical factors that influenced the origin of Germanic languages. What events influenced the origin of this group of languages? Presentyourfindingsintheformof a diagram
The history of the German language originates in the early Middle Ages, when the languages of the ancient Germans began to contact each other, creating the soil for the formation of a common language. The earlier development of the German language is directly related to the development of the pre-Germanic language derived from the hypothetical Proto-Indo-European language. The process of development of the Old High German language, which is the first step towards the German modern, is associated with the second movement of consonants, which took place in the 6th century.
The first stage of development, which lasted from the beginning of the 7th century until 1050, is called the Old High German period. About three centuries after that (until 1350) the Middle High German period lasts. In the period from 1350 to 1650 the development of the early High German language began, from 1650 the development of the High German language continues to develop today. The exact dating of the periods of development of the German language cannot be determined, therefore the framework is conditional. In addition, the development of the German language did not take place in the same way, which predetermined many differences that exist at the level of dialects.
| West Germanic language group This branch includes the following languages ;English Deutsch; Dutch;Flemish (is a dialect of the Dutch language);Frisian (common in the Netherlands and northwest Germany);Yiddish (the language of German Jews);Afrikaans (South Africa). |
| North Germanic language group This branch of Indo-European is also called Scandinavian. It includes: Swedish; Danish; Norwegian; Icelandic; Faroese (distributed in the Faroe Islands and Denmark). |
| The eastern languages are extinct in the first millennium. This is Burgundy, Vandal, Gothic. |
The kinship terms in Indo-European languages exactly correspond to each other, for example, the name of “mother”, “father”, “brother”. Schematically explain this correspondence. Exclude the process of borrowing lexical elements by languages that are so remote from each other in space and time. Giveyourownexamples
Kinship Terms in Indo-European Languages
The following kinship terms are originally present in Russian and other Indo-European languages:
| Russian | Proto-Slavonic | Aryan | Ancient Germanic |
| mother-in-law | * svekry | * svasru | * swehra- |
| father-in-law | * svek (ъ) rъ | * suasura | * swéhuraz |
| Devere | * Dever | * Devdr | * taikuraz |
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