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ФАКУЛЬТЕТ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ И СОЦИАЛЬНО-ГУМАНИТАРНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ФЗО

«ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК»

(Английский язык)

Направление подготовки: все направления подготовки

Профиль: нет

Квалификация (степень) выпускника: бакалавр

Форма обучения: заочная

 

Королев, 2016

Авторы: Демская Н. В., Кюрегян М. П., Ожерельева В. С., Федотова Т. В. Методические рекомендации для студентов ФЗО «Иностранный язык» (Английский язык) – Королев МО: «МГОТУ», 2016 – 118 с.

 

Рецензент: к.ф.н., профессор Красикова Т. И.

 

Данные учебные материалы предназначены для студентов заочного отделения, изучающих английский язык. Методические рекомендации ставят целью усвоение студентами определенного грамматического материала, развитие навыков письменного перевода текстов страноведческого характера и текстов по всем направлениям подготовки. Подбор текстов данных учебных материалов определяется требованиями федерального государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального образования (ФГОС ВО) по направлениям подготовки. Они носят информативный и познавательный характер, являясь выдержками из оригинальной научной литературы по профилям подготовки. Учебные материалы состоят из методических указаний и четырех контрольных заданий, каждое из которых содержит по пять вариантов, а также Грамматического справочника.

 

Методические рекомендации для студентов ФЗО рассмотрены и одобрены на заседании кафедры:

Заведующий кафедрой (ФИО, ученая степень, звание, подпись)	Красикова Т. И., к.филол.н., профессор
Год утверждения (переутверждения)	2016	2017	2018	2019
Номер и дата протокола заседания кафедры	№7 от 01.02.2016

Методические рекомендации для студентов ФЗО рекомендованы на заседании УМС:

Год утверждения (переутверждения)	2016	2017	2018	2019
Номер и дата протокола заседания УМС

 

Методические указания

Настоящие методические рекомендации имеют целью помочь студенту в самостоятельной работе над развитием практических навыков чтения и перевода литературы по специальности на английском языке.

Для того, чтобы добиться успеха, необходимо приступить к работе над языком с первых же дней занятий в вузе и заниматься языком систематически.

Особенностью изучения иностранного языка в заочной системе обучения является то, что большая часть языкового материала должна прорабатываться самостоятельно. На аудиторные занятия отводится не менее 40 часов, на самостоятельную работу – 240 часов. Таким образом, каждому аудиторному занятию в 2 часа должно предшествовать не менее 6 часов самостоятельной работы.

I. Работа над текстом

Поскольку основной целевой установкой обучения является получение информации из иноязычного источника, особое внимание следует уделять чтению текстов.

Материал контрольной работы следует располагать по следующему образцу:

Левая страница                          Правая страница

Поля

Английский текст

Русский текст

Поля

 

5. Контрольные работы должны быть выполнены в той последовательности, в которой они даны в данном пособии.

6. В каждом контрольном задании выделяются один или два абзаца для проверки умения читать без словаря, понимать основную мысль, изложенную в абзаце. После текста дается контрольный вопрос, с помощью которого проверяется, насколько правильно и точно вы поняли мысль, изложенную в абзаце (или абзацах). Ниже предлагается несколько вариантов ответов. Среди этих вариантов необходимо найти тот, который наиболее правильно и четко отвечает на поставленный вопрос.

7. Выполненные контрольные работы направляются для проверки и рецензирования преподавателю в установленные сроки (даты зачёта и экзамена).

8. Если контрольная работа выполнена без соблюдения указаний или не полностью, она возвращается без проверки.

IV. Письменные консультации

Следует сообщить своему рецензенту о всех затруднениях, возникающих у вас при самостоятельном изучении английского языка, а именно: а) какие предложения в тексте вызывают затруднения при переводе; б) какой раздел грамматики вам непонятен; в) какие правила, пояснения, формулировки неясны; г) какие упражнения вам трудны и что именно в них представляется затруднительным.

При этом укажите название учебника или учебного пособия, по которому вы занимаетесь, год издания, страницу учебника, номер упражнения.

V. Подготовка к зачетам и экзаменам

В процессе подготовки к зачетам и экзаменам рекомендуется:

а) повторно прочитать и перевести наиболее трудные тексты из учебника; б) просмотреть материал отрецензированных контрольных работ; в) проделать выборочно отдельные упражнения из учебника для самопроверки; г) повторить материал для устных упражнений.

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Контрольная работа № 1

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание №1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику.

1. ИМЯ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Выражения падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания –s. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.

2. ИМЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных. Конструкции типа the more …..the less.

3. ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ.

4. МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные, неопределенные и отрицательные.

5. Форма НАСТОЯЩЕГО (Рrеsent); ПРОШЕДШЕГО (Раst); БУДУЩЕГО (Futurе) времени группы Simple действительного залога изъявительного наклонения. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present и Future Simple.Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма.

6. ПРОСТОЕ РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕ­НИЕ: прямой порядок слов повествовательного и побудительного предложений в утвердительной и отрицательной формах; обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот there is (аге).

7. Основные случаи словообразования.

Тренировочные упражнения

1. Поставьте следующие существительные во множественном числе:

A pen, a class, a story, a road, a day, a cat, a bush, a desk, a table, a plate, a fox, a room, a lady, a knife, a chair, a bus, a hero, a match, a way, a house, a family, a flag, a town, a wolf, a country, a lion, a park, a play, a dictionary, a thief, a key

1. Поставьте существительные во множественное число:

A baby, a plant, a lemon a peach, a banana, a brush, a star, a mountain, a tree, a shilling, a king, a man, an eye, a woman, a shelf, a box, a boy, a mouse, a toy, a sheep, an airport, a deer, a theatre, an ox, a life.

1. Поставьте следующие предложения во множественное число:

This is a spider. 2. That is a snail. 3. Is this a sofa? 4. Is that a bookcase? 5. Is the window open? 6. This isn’t a mountain. 7. It is a sheep. 8. It is not a girl. 9. There is a vase on the table. 10. There isn’t a plate on it.                

1. Перефразируйте следующие словосочетания и предложения, употребляя притяжательный падеж:

The ball of the dog. 2. The room of my friend 3. The voice of this girl. 4. The letter of Pete. 5. The flat of my sister is large 6. The room of the boys is large. 7. The work of these students is interesting. 8. The computer of my son is modern. 9. He was a friend of my cousins. 10. The life of this woman.

1. Вставьте артикль:

This is …book It is my… book 2. Is this your… pencil? – No, it’s not my …..pencil, it is my sister’s….. pencil. 3. I have …. sister. My …..sister is …..engineer. My sister’s….. husband is….. doctor. 4. I have no …..handbag. 5. She has got…..headache. 6. He has got …..computer. …..computer is new. 7. My…..friends have got …..cat and …..dog. …..dog never bites …..cat. 8. I can see three…..boys. …..boys are playing. 9. My …..brother’s …..friend has no …..dog. 10. I’ve got …..idea!

1. Вставьте артикль:

This is …..soup. ….soup is tasty. 2. In the morning I eat …..sandwich and drink …..tea. 3. She gave me …..coffee and …..cake. ….. coffee was hot. …..cake was tasty. 4. Do you need …..camera? 5. He never eats …..meat, he always eats …..vegetables. 6. This is …..cottage cheese. …..cottage cheese is fresh.

1. Вставьте артикль :

What’s …..weather like today? - …..weather is fine. 2. …..sun is yellow. 3. …..sky is grey. 4. …..Earth is …..planet. 5. We had …..English lesson yesterday. …..teacher asked me many …..questions. …..questions were difficult. 6. Where is your brother? – He is at …..home. He is in his …..room. He is sitting at …..table. He is doing his …..homework. …..homework is difficult

1. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо:

1. I see….bottle of …..pineapple …..juice on …..kitchen table. 2. Her …..son has …..great ….sense of …..humour. 3. There was …..disco at …..club last Saturday. 4. We have …very big dog. …..dog is very clever. 5. My friend has …..very good computer. 6. This is …very difficult question. I don’t know …answer to it. 7.There was …..beautiful flower in this ….vase yesterday. Where is …..flower now?

1. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо:

Once …..Frenchman was traveling in…..Sweden. He stopped at …..hotel in …..little Swedish town. It was …..evening, …..man was tired, so he had …..breakfast in …..hotel restaurant. After …..breakfast he went for …..walk. He walked along …..streets of …..town, visited …..museum and …..shops. Presently he felt hungry and dropped into

 …..cafe for ….lunch. He sat down at …..table, called …..waiter and ordered …..mushrooms. But …..Frenchman did not know …..Swedish and …..waiter did not know …..French. Nobody in ….cafe could speak ….French. Then …..Frenchman took …..piece of …..paper and …..pencil and drew the picture of …..mushroom. …..waiter looked at …..picture and left …..room at once. Five minutes later he returned with …..umbrella.                                             

1. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степень следующих прилагательных:

Hot, long, short clever, silly, great, red, black, thin, thick, fat, nice, warm, cold, small, tall, high, weak, strong, heavy, light, dry, clean, dirty, wide, deep.

1. Переведите на английский язык:

Старый, старше, самый старый, самый старший, мой старший брат, мой старый друг, дальше, самый дальний, читайте дальше, хуже, лучше, больше, меньше, наихудший, наилучший, самый, наименьший.

1. Переведите на английский язык:

Интересная история, более интересная история, самая интересная история 2. Длинный путь, более длинный путь, самый длинный путь 3. Важная работа, более важная работа, самая важная работа. 4. плохая песня, более плохая песня, самая плохая песня. 5. Хороший инженер, более лучший инженер, самый лучший инженер. 6. Красивый цветок, более красивый цветок, самый красивый цветок. 7. Счастливый человек, более счастливый человек, самый счастливый человек.

1. Вставьте as ….as или so ….as или the…the…:

Mike is …..tall …..Pete. 2. Kate is not …..nice …..Ann 3. My room is …light …this one. 4. This book is not …..thin…. that one. 5. (Young) you are, (easy) to learn. 6. (Expensive) the hotel, (better) the service. 7. (Warm) the weather, (good) I feel. 8. (Soon) we leave, (early) we will arrive. 9. (Much) electricity you use, (high) your bill will be. 10. (Much) I thought about the plan, (little) I liked it.

1. Say in words:

17 – seventeen – the seventeenth, 10, 13, 19, 11, 15, 14, 18, 12, 16, 20, 50, 30, 60, 90, 70, 100, 81, 74, 92, 45, 63, 38, 56, 27, 99.

What number comes: after: 10, 15, 23, 328, 46, 89, 100, 1235, 845, 2857, 9463, 935; before: 16, 15, 38, 57, 95, 897, 374, 187, 5098, 6486, 5067.

1. Вставьте нужное местоимение:

She washed …..hands and face. 2. We invited Liz to stay with …..in …..house. 3. Do you know that man? – Yes, I know ….4. That is his book. Give …..to him. 5. Pete likes to eat. …..breakfast is always big. 6. The bag is heavy. What is there in …..? 7. Look at them! …..are playing like kids. 8. Give me ….photo and I’ll give you ….. 9. Jeans always stay in fashion. People like …..10. We know ….well. They are friends of …..

1. Вставьте a, the, some или оставьте пропуски незаполненными:

Are there …cinemas or theatres in your town? – There aren’t …cinemas, but there is a theatre in it. 2. Is there…..for young people – a zoo, interesting museums? – I am sorry, there is …..zoo in our town, but there are …museums, …discos in it. 3. Have you… relations? – No, I haven’t…, I have …relations. 4. Do you know…..about Chinese art? 5. Did you meet…..on your way to school? 6. How could I know that he was ill? …..told me…..7. I’ve just made…..coffee. Would you like…..? 8. Wait…..minute! …..coffee is very hot – I’d like …..milk, please. – I prefer …..black coffee. 9. a) Give me …..water please. I am thirsty. B) …..water in this river is always cold. c) …..water is necessary for animals and plants. 10. a) He likes….. modern music. b) I should like to listen to…..music. c) I don’t like …..music, it is too noisy.

1. Переведите на английский язык:

Много тетрадей, много молока, много воды, много дней, мало домов, мало чая, мало чашек, мало яблок, немного стульев, мало денег, несколько песен, мало веселья, много газет, много мела, мало супу, мало деревьев, несколько минут, несколько кошек, мало травы, мало окон.

1. Вставьте much, many, little, a little, few, a few:

When we walked …..farther down the road, we met another group of students. 2. Have you ….money on you? – I’m sorry. I have very …..money at the moment. 3. At the conference we met …..people whom we knew well. 4. If you have ….spare time, look through this book. You will find …..interesting stories there. 5. Shall I bring …..more chalk? – No, thank you. There is …..chalk on the desk. 6. He had …..English books at home, so he had to go to the library. 7. She gave him …..water to wash his face and hands. 8. I’d like to say …..words about my journey. 9. After the play everybody felt …..tired. 10. Let’s stay here …..longer: it is such a nice place.

1. Вставьте глагол to be в Present Simple:

What…..your name? – My name….John Smith. 2. Where ….you from? – I….from New York. 3. What ….you? – I…..a student. 4. …..your father a teacher? – My father…..not a teacher, he….a scientist. 5. …..your aunt a doctor? – Yes, she…..6. …..you an engineer? – Yes, I…..7. …..this your watch? – Yes, it…..7. What …your uncle? – he….an office worker. 8. …..you from Moscow? – No, I …..not, I…..from Korolev. 9. …..they at home? – No, they ….not. They….at work. 10. …..your sister at school? – No, she….not, she….at home.

Вставьте глагол to be в Past Simple:

The weather…..fine. It…..sunny and warm. 2. My children…..at school, and my husband…..at work. 3. I…..in the garden. There…..many flowers in it.4. It….in May. I….happy. 5. ….you at home yesterday? – No, I…..not, I…..at work. 6. We….in the park yesterday! – Really? Which park…..you in? 7. Where…..you yesterday? – We….in the cinema. 8. What….your grandpa? – He…a pilot. 9. ….they in the theatre yesterday? – Yes, they….10. Why….not he at home yesterday? – He….ill, he…in hospital.

1. Вставьте глагол to be Future Simple:

The students …..in the Russian Museum tomorrow. 2. …..they in Hermitage next week? – Yes, they…..3. There….an interesting exhibition there. 4. When ….they in the Tretyakov Gallery? – They…..there in two weeks. 5. I….a doctor when I grow up.6. …..you at home tomorrow? – No, I…... I….at work. 7. When I come home tomorrow, all my family …..at home. 8. Where……your sister tomorrow? – She….in bed, because she is ill.9. …..he in Moscow tomorrow? – No, he……10. Where ….you next month? – I think, I….in New York.

1. Вставьте глагол to be в Present, Past или Future Simple:

Ronald Frank …..a managing director of the First Bank of Kingsville on Main Street. He…..always on a business trip. Yesterday he…..in Geneva. Tomorrow he…..in London. Last week he …..in Chicago. Next week he…..in New Orleans. At the moment he….in Amsterdam. In two hours he …..in the Hague. Three days ago he…..in Paris. At the end of the trip he…..usually very tired but happy. He…..with his family now. His sons…..so much excited. Everybody in the family….very glad to see him at home again.

1. Вставьте глагол to have в Present Simple:

I…..two grandmothers, but I…..not any grandfathers.2. ….you any sisters or brothers? – I….one sister, but I not….any brothers.3. ….you any car? – Yes, we…., it’s a Métis.4. My mother….two aunts, but she not……any uncles. 5. How many friends you……? – I……a lot of friends. 6. What we …..for breakfast? - We…..some eggs, porridge and tea or coffee.7. How many lessons you…..every Saturday? – Usually we…..five or six lessons.

1. Вставьте глагол to have в Past Simple:

Last year I …..two grandmothers, but I not….any grandfathers. 2. …..you any sisters or brothers when you were a child? – I…..one sister, but I not…..any brothers. 3. …any car last year? – Yes, we…., it was a Métis. 4. My mother…..two aunts, but she not…..any uncles.5. How many friends you…..in New York? – I…..a lot of friends. 6. What you…..for breakfast yesterday? – We… two eggs, some porridge and coffee. 7. How many lessons you…..last Saturday? – We…5 lessons.

1. Вставьте глагол to have в Future Simple:

Next year we….a new car. 2. Really? What car you……? 3. I think we…..a Mercedes. 4.What you….for breakfast tomorrow? – I think I ….some porridge and a cup of coffee. 5. How many lessons you….next Saturday? – We….five lesson next Saturday. 6. How many children you….when you grow up? – I think, I…..2 children. 7. I hope you…a good time in New York – I hope so!

1. Переведите на английский язык:

1.Подойдите сюда, пожалуйста! 2. Не ходите сюда! 3. Читайте текст, пожалуйста! 4. Текст не читайте! 5. Переведите статью, пожалуйста! 6. Статью не переводите! 7. Дайте письмо, пожалуйста! 8. Не давайте никому это письмо!

1. Поставьте нужную форму конструкции There is/ are:

Next year …..many new houses in our street. 2. ….many new houses in our street next year? 3…….not any new houses in our street next year. 4. …….a lot of beautiful flowers in here garden 5. …..any beautiful flowers in her garden? 6. …..not any beautiful flowers in her garden. 7. Many years ago ….a large field here.8. ……a large field here many years ago? 9. ….not any new houses here many years ago. 10. …..any meat in the fridge? – Yes, ….a lot of meat in the fridge. 11. ……not any salt in our house.

1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя Present Simple:

My working day (to begin) at seven o’clock. 2. I (to get up), (to switch) on the radio and (to do) my morning exercises.3. It (to take) me 15 minutes. 4. At half past seven we (to have) breakfast. 5. My sister (to be) a schoolgirl and she (not to get) up at 7. 6. What time she usually (to get) up? 7. She (not go) home for lunch. 8. When she (to catch) the bus? 9. She (not go) swimming in the evening. 10. What she (to do) on Saturday evenings?

1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple:

Mr. Smith (to fix) his car yesterday morning. 2. His wife (to water) plants in the garden. 3. Their children (to clean) the yard. 4. What your neighbors (to do) yesterday? 5. Why her brother (to shout) at her? 6. Mr. Smith (to work) at the plant last year? 7. She (not to bake) a delicious apple pie last Sunday 8. Why she (not to wash) the dishes after the party? 9. They (to rest) well last night? 10. They (not to have) good time at their friends.

1. Раскройте скобки , употребляя Present или Past Simple:

His sister (to study) English every day. 2. She (to study) English two hours ago. 3. You (to come) home at 6 o’clock yesterday? – No, I….. Yesterday I (to come) home at half past eight. 4. I (to go) to bed at 10 o’clock every day. 5. I (to go) to bed at 10 o’clock yesterday. 6. We (not to read) books every day. 7. They (not to rest) yesterday. 8. You mother always (to take) bus to get to work? 9. You (to tell) your mother the truth about the money yesterday? 10. You (to talk) to the members of your family every day?

1. Откройте скобки, употребляя Future Simple:

You (to come) to my place next Sunday? 2. She (to dance) tomorrow. 3. You (not to read) this book tomorrow. 4. What your friend (to do) tomorrow? 5. Where you (to go) next summer? 6. He (not to go) to the theatre tomorrow. 7. You (to help) your mother tomorrow? 8. They (not to take) care of the garden next summer. 9. Your brother (to live) in San Francisco next summer, I think 10. I am sure you (to enter) the university.

1. Раскройте скобки , употребляя Present, Past, Future Simple:

1. My sister (not to like) coffee. 2. When you (to go) to bed every day? 3. What he (to read) every day? 4. What he (to read) tomorrow? 5. You (to give) me this book tomorrow? 6. Where she (to be) tomorrow? 7. Why she (come) home so late yesterday? 8. You (to go) to the country last week? 9. Our friends (to go) to the country last weekend. 10. Why you (to go) to the country last weekend? 11. Before you (to cross) the park, you (to come) to the supermarket. 12. When you (to cross) the park, you (to see) the hospital. 13. If you (to translate) this article into Russian, I (to use) it in my report. 14. If she (to be) in St.Petersburg now, she (to meet) you at the railway station. 15. When my friend (to come) to Moscow, we (to go) to the Tretyakov Gallery.

Ecology of man

It may sound funny to you, but man needs protection and care as much as animals do. People’s habitats - their homes, towns, and cities – must be kept ecologically clean. In the places where people drink dirty water, eat bad food and breathe polluted air they suffer from serious diseases and die early; their children are born weak. No medicines prescribed by the doctors can save them. This problem becomes more and more serious with every passing day.

The modern way of life when people do little physical activity, use cars instead of walking, watch television for many hours and work on computers is turning them into legless creatures.

British festivals

Traditional games on Halloween Night are usually difficult, such as trying to get an apple from a bucket of water without using hands or trying to find a coin in a bowl full of flour.

On New Year’s Eve, people traditionally take a soaking in the fountains in Trafalgar Square.

The Christmas tree which is put in Trafalgar Square for Christmas is always a present from Norway.

On Christmas day the Queen gives her traditional Christmas speech to the UK and the Commonwealth on television and radio.

At Easter time, the British often give each other chocolate Easter eggs, which are opened and eaten on Easter Sunday.

William Shakespeare

On April 23, 1564 a son, William, was born to John and Mary Shakespeare in Stratford-upon-Avon. His mother was the daughter of a farmer. His father was a glove-maker. William went to a grammar school in Stratford and had quite a good education. There he learnt to love reading.

While still a teenager, William married Anne Hathaway, a farmer’s daughter some years older than himself. We don’t know how he earned his living during these early years, perhaps he helped his father in the family business. During these years his three children were born: Susannah, the eldest, than twins – a son, Hamnet and another girl, Judith.

In 1587 Shakespeare went to work in London, leaving Anne and the children at home. We don’t know exactly why he did it. Some people say that the reason was his love of poetry and the theatre. But there is another story which says that he had to run away from law because he killed some deer belonging to a rich man.

In London Shakespeare began to act and to write plays and soon became an important member of a well-known acting company. Most of his plays were performed in the new Globe Theatre built on the bank of the river Thames. In 1613 he stopped writing and went to live in Stratford where he died in 1616.

Four hundred years later his plays are still acted – not only in England but in the whole world.

Greeting cards

To know a country we should know its traditions. Sending greeting cards is one of them. Greeting cards are very popular in Britain. The most common kinds of greeting cards are birthday cards, congratulation cards, sympathy cards, get-well cards, and cards for special days.

Birthday cards. There are special family birthday cards for mothers, fathers, sisters, and brothers. There are cards which are special for friends, teachers,, and other people.

Congratulations cards. These greeting cards are used for such things as birth of a baby, a wedding or an anniversary. You can even buy a congratulations card for a person who gets a new house or a new job!

Sympathy cards are sent when someone dies. You should a card to the person you know best in the family. The sympathy card means ‘I am sorry’.

Get-well cards. If a friend is sick, at home or in hospital, you can send a get-well card. A get-well card means ‘I hope you will feel better soon’.

Special occasion cards are sent to family or friends on some of the special days during the year; for example, on Christmas, Valentine’s Day, Easter, Mother’s Day, Father’s Day, and Halloween. It is the custom for young children to give valentines to each other in their classes in school. Teenagers and grown-ups usually send valentines to their girlfriends, boyfriends, husbands and wives.

American food and drink

What is ‘American food?’ The answer is that it is part Italian, part British, part German, part Mexican, part Chinese…..When people from other countries came to live in the US, they brought different cooking traditions. Some of them opened restaurants. Today Americans enjoy food from all over the world. Over the years foreign dishes changed a little. Doughnuts were originally from Holland. In 1847 a young American boy told his mother that her doughnuts were never cooked in the middle. He cut out the centres and his mother cooked them – and they were very tasty.

Maybe the US is famous for ‘fast foods’. The first fast food restaurants served hamburgers, but now they serve other kinds of food too. Inside there is often ‘a salad bar’, where you can help yourself to as much salad as you want.

Americans eat a lot, and when they go to a restaurant, they don’t expect to be hungry afterwards. Most restaurants put a lot of food on your plate – sometimes it can be too much. But if you can’t finish it all, don’t worry: they will give you a ‘doggy bag’ and you can take it home.

Most Americans now have a light breakfast instead of the traditional eggs, bacon, toast, orange juice and coffee. But on weekends there is more time, and a large late breakfast or early lunch (‘brunch’) is often eaten with family or friends.

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения и определите по грамматическим признакам какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения I). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Не likes lectures on history.

2. Blue suits you.

3. I take my sister’s books.

 

Finance and Technology Academy (FTA) and its Traditions

Finance and Technology Academy is one of the higher schools in Russia. Its history began in 1998 work the formation of Korolev Institute of Management, economics and sociology (KIMES). Now FTA is one of the 100 best universities in Russia. In 2013 we celebrate our 15th anniversary.

There are 6 faculties at FTA: Economics and Finance, IT Technology, Humanities and Social Sciences, Innovation and Management, Supplementary Education and Part-time Studies. There are two systems of education, European and traditional.

Our Academy is well-equipped. It has 2 modern buildings with interactive rooms, conference halls and a library. Nearly every class has a computer, a projector and an interactive board. The third building is under construction now, and it will be equipped in the same way. It’s a rave case among-higher academic education institutions in our country.

As to often facilities, we have a hostel, canteens and a printing shop, we rent different sport venues for PE classes. Our sport teams play at local and regional competitions.

As any other, we have lots of traditions, like “Welcome to new students” with a picnic and outdoor games; Tatiana’s Day, 25 January, when the first Russian university was founded; the Memory Watch, 9 March, meeting veterans and team building and adaptation for 1st year students.

We also have many extra-curricular activities like singing, modern dance and drama studios. Their participants regularly perform at students amateur arts competitions.

We love our Academy for useful knowledge, possibilities of internships and an interesting students’ live.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

 

the first degree - зд. диплом

the second degree - зд. научная степень

the post-graduate courses – аспирантура

 

VII. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

 

When can one take the second degree?

1. After entering the institute.

2. After graduating from the institute.

3. Before graduating from the institute.

ВАРИАНТ 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

 

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного; (см. образец выполнения 1).

 

Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1 .The Russian State Library houses 22 reading halls.

2. This store contains a good collection of children’s, women’s and men‘s clothing.

3. Moscow is the Russia’s scientific and cultural center.

 

MOSCOW

1. Moscow is the capital of Russia, its administrative, economic, political and educational centre. It is one of Russia's major cities with the population of about 9 million people. Its total area is about 900 thousand square kilometres.

2. The city was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky and was first mentioned in the chronicles in 1147. At that time it was a small frontier settlement. By the 15^th century Moscow had grown into a wealthy city.

3. In the 16th century, under Ivan the Terrible. Moscow became the capital of the state of Muscovy. In the 18^th century Peter the Great transferred the capital to St. Petersburg, but Moscow remained the heart of Russia.

4. The present-day Moscow is the seat of the government of the Russian Federation. President of Russia lives and works here; government offices are located here, too.

Moscow is a major industrial city. Its leading industries are engineering, chemical and light industries.

5. Moscow is known for its many historical buildings, museums and art galleries, as well as for the famous Bolshoy, Maly and Art theatres. There are more than 80 museums in Moscow.

One of the principal streets in Moscow is Tverskaya Street. It is one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow. Fashionable stores offer a wide choice of clothes and shoes for young people of leading firms of the world. The famous state store Eliseyevsky Gastronom offers a lot of fresh fruit and vegetables, cakes, meat, etc. You can treat yourself to coffee, popcorn and ice cream in the café.

6. Moscow is the city of science and learning. There are over 80 higher educational institutions in the city including a number of universities.

 

VII. Прочитайте 5-ый абзац текста Moscow и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

 

What does the cafe offer to its customers?

1. It offers a wide choice of clothes and shoes.

2. It offers a lot of fresh fruit and vegetables.

3. It offers coffee, popcorn and ice cream.

ВАРИАНТ 3

1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием - s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

 

а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

 

St.PETERSBURG

1. St. Petersburg is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. Its history is inseparable from the history of the Russian people and dates back to the beginning of the 18th century. The city was founded by Peter the First in 1783 on the banks of the Neva. The city lies on forty-two islands. Three hundred and sixty bridges cross the river and canals in the city.

2. St. Petersburg is famous for its revolutionary past, its heroism during the Great Patriotic War. Leningrad stood against the enemy for nine hundred days and over half a million people died in the blockade but did not let the enemy come into the city.

3. Today St. Petersburg is a centre of industry, science and culture both of Russia and the world. It has about 300 research and design institutes and more than 40 higher educational establishments with a total of about 275 000 students. The city is known for its highly developed industry, powerful turbines, various machine tools, electronic and transistor devices.

4. St. Petersburg is called the city of museums; it has about 50 historical, art, revolution and memorial museums. Among them are the State Hermitage, one of the world's largest art galleries and museums of the history of culture, the State Russian Museum and others. There are 14 theatres, 40 palaces, 50 cinemas, many libraries, parks and squares here too. Many of the city's architectural compositions linked by a common artistic aim, stand along the banks of the Neva and one can regards the panorama of the Neva banks as the architectural centre of the city. Many famous architects and sculptors and designers worked there,

5. One can't but mention about famous places of sightseeing: they are Peter the Great's Summer Palace, Admiralty, St. Isaac's Cathedral, Alexander Column, Statue of Peter the Great. The environments of the city are as famous as the city itself: Petrodvorets, Lomonosov, Pushkin, Pavlovsk and Gattchina. Many tourists come to the beautiful city every year, admiring the work of world-famous architects, painters and sculptors, coming into contact with the history of this wonderful city and meeting its hospitable and friendly people.

 

Пояснения к тексту

to date back - относится к ...

to come into contact with - соприкасаться с….

 

VII. Прочитайте 1-4-й абзацы текста и вопрос к ним. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

 

How is St. Petersburg called?

 I St. Petersburg is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.

2. St. Petersburg is a centre of highly developed industry, science and culture.

3. St. Petersburg is called the city of museums.

ВАРИАНТ 4.

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. является ли оно:

 

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

На русский язык .

 

1. London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in the world.

2. The more you walk about London the more you like it.

3. Westminster Abbey has much more historic associations than any other building in Britain.

4. The East End is not as popular with tourists as the West End is.

 

LONDON

1. London is one of the most complex cities in the world. To the Londoner it is more a collection of village areas than one large city. To the visitor it is an exciting mixture of sights, sounds and people.

2. London began on two small patches of dry land in the middle of a marsh on the north bank of the Thames. That was long before the Romans came. In Roman times it was named Londinium, and was already a large centre of trade. Alfred the Great took London from the Danes and it gradually

replaced Winchester as the capital. Since then it has grown and grown. Today it covers a greater area than any other city in the world, has about 9 million inhabitants and is the capital of England, of Great Britain.

3. As you approach the centre of London, you see the busy shopping streets and catch a first glimpse of the famous building - Buckingham Palace or the Houses of Parliament -or focal points like Piccadilly Circus and Trafalgar Square. Everywhere there are bright red buses, and black taxis and busy restaurants; it is the most pleasant surprise to see so many parks, trees and gardens in London.

4 .The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the Bailey. Few people live here, but over a million people come to the City to work. There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Perhaps the most striking of them is St. Paul's Cathedral; the greatest of English churches. It was built in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. The Tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar and in 1066 rebuilt by William the Conqueror. It was used as a fortress, a royal palace and a prison. Now it is a museum.

 

Пояснения к тексту :

The Bank of England - Английский банк

The Stock of Exchange - Лондонская фондовая биржа

Тhe Old Bailey - Центральный уголовный суд

 Focal points - главные достопримечательности

 

VII. Прочитайте 4-ый абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащий правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

 

How many people come to the City to work?

1 Few people live here but over a million people come to the City to work.

2. Few people live here but half a million people come to the City to work,

3. Few people live here but over two million people come to the City to work.

ВАРИАНТ 5

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т, е является оно:

 

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

 

NEW YORK

1. New York is the largest metropolis in the United States. Officially it is City of New York, and popularly it is called New York City. It was founded by the Dutch more than three hundred years ago at the mouth of the Hudson River. In 1626 Dutch colonists set up here the first settlement, named New Amsterdam. They bought Manhattan Island from Indians for 24 dollars and a barrel of rum. The Americans say that it was the best business deal ever made in New York. In 1664 the colony was captured by British fleet under Duke of York and renamed New York. In the 18th century New York grew into the largest city of the USA.

2 New York is difficult to describe. You can say anything you like about it and always be right; if you listen to different people talking about it, they can each describe a different town. For some, it's a centre of art, music and theatre; for others, a city of finance and politics.

First of all, New York is the greatest seaport in the USA. More than half the trade of the USA goes through the city. It is also a great financial centre where "money-making" is the main law of life. It is the symbol of big business and its Wall Street has become a nickname for big monopolies all over the world. Economic and financial power of the US is concentrated in the sky-scrapers of Wall Street, in the world's exchange, in the banks, among them the oldest in the city. The Bank of New York was founded in 1784. New York is the leading textile centre of the country and its clothes industry. It has a considerable printing industry and many book-shops. It is also undoubtedly one of the centres of social and spiritual life of America.

3 Now New York includes five boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn and Richmond. The population of New York now is 8 million people - 16 million if you include the suburbs and another 4 million come to the city to work here but live elsewhere. Among the inhabitants of York one can meet people of almost all nations. The citizens speak seventy-five different languages. It is even called "Modern Babylon".

4. New York is a city of striking social contrasts. It is a place where most of millionaires live and at the same time a greater proportion of New Yorkers live at a lower level than the average for the US.

5. New York is not just one city, but many cities which crowd together in one place. There are the busiest cities which die each day at five o'clock, neon pleasure cities whose bars and cinemas are full with noisy crowds and sad cities where no trees grow. New York is all of these and more.

 

Пояснения к тексту :

Stock Exchange - фондовая биржа

borough (амер.) - городской район

elsewhere - (где-нибудь) в другом месте

 to die – затихать

 

VII. Прочитайте 3-ий абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответов укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

 

What is the population of York if you include the suburbs?

 

1. The population of New York is 8 million people if you include the suburbs.

2. The population of New York is 4 million people if you include the suburbs.

3. The population of New York is 16 million people if you include the suburbs.

Контрольная работа №2.

Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить задание N 2 необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

 

1. Видо-временные формы глагола: а) активный залог -формы Simple (Present, Past, Future); формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы – Perfect ( Present, Past, Future); 6) пассивный залог - формы Simple (Present, Past, Future).

2. Модальные глаголы: а) модальные глаголы, выражающие возможность: can (could), may и эквивалент глагола саn – to be able to;6) модальные глаголы, выражающие должествование: must, его эквиваленты to have to, to be to, should.

3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства, Gerund - герундий, простые формы.

4. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения (союзные); придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия.

5. Интернациональные слова.

Тренировочные упражнения

To work - working

To play, to speak, to ask, to translate, to finish, to move, to go, to write, to discuss, to listen, to read, to enter, to skate, to smoke.

It rises in the east.

Snow melts in winter. 2. Dolphins live in forests.3. The Sun goes round the Earth. 4. Spring comes after autumn.5. The Japanese live in the south.

Pay before you talk

By the 1990s many people were using mobile phones for both business and pleasure. They had a contract and received a bill for calls they had made in the previous month.

Vodafone, a successful UK mobile phone company, was already making good profits when it introduced its new Pay As You Talk service in 1997. This allowed customers to have a phone without a contract and monthly bills. Instead, they have a “top up” card to extend calling and service credit. The advantage for customers was that they could carefully budget the amount of money spent – very useful for parents who gave phones to their children. Vodafone’s great idea was to get people to pay in advance for their calls. Thanks to this, sales increased.

Buying without shops

In 1891, when American farmers were complaining about high prices in shops in the countryside, Richard Sears had an idea. Sears was an agent of a railway company and at that time he was selling watches with his partner Alvah Roebuck, a watchmaker. His idea was to use the new national railway system and post office to create a new way of selling: mail order. Sears bought in bulk and so kept prices low. He was also good at attracting customers with advertising. By 1895 the Sears catalogue had 532 pages. The company was expanding fast, so it moved to a huge building in Chicago. Finally the company developed the first automated warehouse. This improved the capacity of the business by 1,000 percent.

Development of e-commerce

Online sales are at different stages of development in different parts of the world. Of course, in a lot of places, not many people have computers at work, and even fewer have them at home. Even mail order has not developed. People do their shopping in street markets and traditional shops, so the growth of e-commerce will be very slow there.

In other markets, consumers use computers a lot, but they are very nervous about giving their credit card details online: they are afraid that computer hackers may steal them. The main job of online retailers is to persuade people that their details will be safe if they buy online.

In some places, shopping is no longer seen as a leisure activity. Traffic problems, the difficulty of parking, crowded shops and the high cost of goods in shops all mean that shopping is unpleasant. Thus, retailers have a big potential market. But even here, it will take a long time before people lose the need to touch and see certain types of goods before they buy them.

Great idea

Juana Lopez has invented a number of things over the years, but they were mostly relatively small improvements to existing products. Then one day she had an idea for a dishwashing machine that worked without using water. She went to see several dishwasher manufacturers about producing the machine, but none of them were interested.

Juana found investors to back her idea and founded her own production company. She spent millions of euros on developing her dishwasher, and it was launched three years later. From the day of the launch, sales were very good – better even than Juana had hoped.

But Global Domestic (GD), one of the companies that she had been to see, launched its own waterless dishwasher. Juana obtained one and found that it used a lot of the technical ideas that she had developed and patented: she had obtained legal protection for these ideas so that other companies could not use them. After a long legal process, GD was forced to stop making its competing dishwasher and to pay Juana several million euros.

Now Juana’s waterless dishwasher has 40 percent of the world dishwasher market, and this is increasing every year. There is no other dishwasher like it. Word-of-mouth recommendation by satisfied users has made it a big success.

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций (см. образец выполнения 1).

 

а)

1. This company delivers various goods.

2. The students have already done the translation.

3. Не was reading the article when she came.

 

b)

1. This question will be discussed tomorrow.

2. The article was much spoken about.

3. Such goods are exported from France.

 

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Ра rticiple II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола- сказуемого. Переведите предложение на русский язык (см . образец выполнения 2)

 

1. The book ordered last month has not arrived yet

2. The student sitting at the window made an interesting report.

3. Being unwell he decided to stay at home

4. The terms agreed upon were included in the contract.

 

RUSSIA

1.Russia is our country. It is one of the largest states in the world. The area of Russia is more than 17 mln square km , the population numbers 146 mln people, 82% are Russian people. There are more than 100 other nationalities in the country. There are 49 regions and about 1000 towns in Russia now. The capital of Russia is Moscow. It is a political, industrial and cultural center of the state. The climate of Russia is continental, but in the South it is always warm.

2. Russia is a highly industrialized country. The main industries are oil, gas, atomic, chemical, electronic, textile, construction, food and consumer goods industries.

 Russia is rich in natural resources; it has deposits of coal, oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, nickel, etc. Russia is the Federation of sovereign units. The legislative body is the Parliament which consists of two chambers: the upper one is the Council of Federation and the low one is the State Duma. The head of the state is the President. There are many political parties too.

3. The flag of Russia has three colours: red, white and blue. The official language is Russian. Russia develops friendly relations and commercial ties, economic cooperation and trade with many countries of the world. It exports industrial and consumer goods, agricultural products and other commodities from various countries of the world.

 

V. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер правильного ответа на поставленный вопрос.

 

What is the legislative body of Russia?

1. The government.

2. The State Duma.

3. The Parliament.

ВАРИАНТ 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций (см. образец выполнения 1).

 

a)

1 When he was in London he went sightseeing.

2 The majority of people spend their holiday in South.

3 Some members of the government have decided to retire.

 

б)

I Our country is surrounded by seas.

2. This place was visited by many tourists.

3 Economic development of the country will be favoured by good legislation.

 

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle 2, и установите функции каждого из них, т.е укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский я зык . ( см . образец выполнения 2)

 

1. When visiting the conference don’t forget to register yourself.

2. It should be noted that Englishmen respect their traditions.

3 Done well the work will be presented for considerations.

4 The delegation is leaving the hall now.

GREAT BRITAIN

1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the UK) occupies the territory of the British Isles. It consists of four main countries which are: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

2. The UK is an island state; it is composed of some 5,500 islands, large and small. The two main islands are: Great Britain (in which are England, Wales and Scotland) to the east and Ireland (in which are Northern Ireland and the independent Irish Republic) to the west. They are separated by the Irish Sea.

3. The United Kingdom is one of the world's smallest countries (it is twice smaller than France or Spain), with an area of some 244,100 square kilometres. The population of the UK is over 57 million people. English is the official language. Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch - Queen Elizabeth II - as a head of the state. Today the Queen is not only a head of the state, but also an important symbol of national unity.

4. Parliament, Britain's legislature comprises the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Queen, in her constitutional role. The centre of parliamentary power is the House of Commons. The political party system is an essential element in the working of the constitution. There are three main political parties: the Conservative Party, the Labour party and the Liberal Democrat Party. The Government is formed by the party with majority support in the Commons. The Queen appoints its leader as Prime Minister. Britain's democratic system of government is long established and has provided considerable political stability.

5 Britain became the world's first industrialized country in the late eighteenth centuries. Wealth was based on the manufacture of iron and steel, heavy machinery and textiles, and coalmining, shipbuilding and trade. Britain is the fifth largest trading nation in the world. Britain is an active member of the European Community.

 

V. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему . Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

 

Is the United Kingdom a small country?

1. The U K is one of the largest countries of the world.

2. The UK is not a small country.

3. The UK is one of the world’s smallest countries.

BAPИAHT 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе 6) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций ( см. образец выполнения 1)

 

a)

1. The region around the Great Lakes has changeable weather.

2. The congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

3. The country had developed this industry before the war began.

 

b)

1. The capital of the country, Washington, was named in honour of the first President,

George Washington.

2. The USA is washed by the Pacific Ocean.

3. He will be elected for four years.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Р articiple 1 и Р articiple II , и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см . образец выполнения 2)

 

1. When travelling round the USA we can visit the largest and the most beautiful cities: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and others.

2. The Cordillera and the Rocky Mountains are well known mountains of the North American continent.

3. The bridge was broken with the thunder.

4. Having lived in New York for many years he knew the city well.

 

The USA

The USA is one of the largest countries in the world. It is situated in the central part of the North American continent. The area of the USA is over nine million square kilometres. It is washed by the Pacific Ocean and by the Atlantic Ocean. The population of the United States is nearly 250 million people. The official language of the country is English. The capital of the country, Washington, was named in honour of the first President, George Washington.

If we look at the map of the USA we can see lowlands and mountains. The Cordillera and the Rocky mountains are well known mountains of the North American continent. America’s largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. As the USA is the large country, the climate is different in different regions. The Pacific coast is a region of mild winters and warm, dry summers. The region around the Great Lakes has changeable weather.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country. Among the most important manufacturing industries are: armament, aircraft, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, and furniture. When travelling round the USA we can visit the largest and the most beautiful cities: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and others.

The USA is a federal republic, consisting of fifty states. Each of these states has its own government. The seat of the central government is Washington, District of Columbia. According to the US constitution the powers of the government are divided into three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The President is the head of the State and the government. He is elected for four years. There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republican and the Democratic.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

manufacturing – промышленный

executive – исполнительная

legislative – законодательная

judicial – судебная

the powers – полномочия

Washington D.C. – г. Вашингтон, округ Колумбия

 

V. Прочитайте первый абзац текста и вопрос к нему; из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащий правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

 

Where is the USA situated?

The USA is situated in the western part of the North American continent.

The USA is situated in the central part of the North American continent.

The USA is situated in the southern part of the North American continent.

ВАРИАНТ 4

I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол- сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций (см. образец выполнения 1).

 

a)

1. He has been in London many times.

2. When you telephoned, I was having dinner.

3 The professor had left by the time we arrived.

 

б)

1. The goods will be delivered in the morning.

2. We are asked to come early.

3. He was given a very good advice.

 

II. Перепишите следующие упражнения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см . образец выполнения 2).

 

Having much time we decided to walk to the station.

Dried and sorted the goods were delivered to the shop.

The books published for children are well illustrated.

I gave the letter to the woman standing at the window.

BRITAIN'S ECONOMY

1. Britain's economy is based primarily on private enterprise, which accounts for 75 per cent of output and nearly 70 per cent of employment. Just over 2 per cent of the British workforce is engaged in agriculture, a lower proportion than in any other leading industrialized country. Services contribute a growing proportion of production, 65 per cent, while manufacturing accounts for 21 per cent.

2. The Government's economic strategy is centered on keeping the rate of inflation down, within a range of 1 to 4 per cent. As part of this strategy, public spending and borrowing are tightly controlled. At the same time government policy seeks to improve the working of markets and

promote enterprise and efficiency.

3. In some sectors of the economy, a small number of large companies are responsible for a sizable percentage of total production, notably in the vehicle, aerospace and transport equipment industries. Private business concerns account for the greater part of activity in agriculture, manufacturing, constructions, distribution, and financial and miscellaneous service sectors. Banks are the chief source of external finance.

4. Around 250 British industrial companies each have an annual turnover of more than 500 million. British Petroleum is the eleventh largest industrial grouping in the world and the second largest in Europe. Five British firms are among the 25 leading European Community companies.

5. The average manufacturing company is fairly small. Four-fifths employ fewer than 20 people. These make up 10 per cent of the manufacturing workforce. Business employing

more than 1,000 people, 0.4 per cent of all business, account for 55 per cent of employees.

 

Пояснения к тексту :

keeping the rate of inflation down - сохранение низкого уровня инфляции

sizable percentage - значительный процент

 

V. Прочитайте 2-ой абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

 

What is tightly controlled by the government ?

 

1. The economic strategy is tightly controlled by the government.

2. The working of the market is tightly controlled by the government.

3. Public spending and borrowing arc tightly controlled by the government.

BAPИAHT 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе 6) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций (см. образец выполнения I).

 

a)

1. Last year the economy of the country was immensely successful.

2. The United States produced about 25 per cent of the world's output.

3. Other nations have experienced higher rates of growth in recent years.

6)

1 In this article the country s economy was described as a mixed economy.

2. The majority of productive resources were privately owned.

3. Americans have often been described as pragmatists.

 

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них те. укажите, является ли оно определением, или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 2).

 

1. Successfully transformed the economy will develop rapidly.

2. Having discussed the problem they went back to work again.

3. The expansion of the government's role was written about in the article.

4. The economy based on free enterprise is characterized by private ownership and initiative.

THE ECONOMY OF THE USA

1. The American economy is a dynamic, free-market system that is constantly evolving out the choices and decisions made by millions of citizens who play multiple, often overleaping roles as consumers, producers, investors and voters. The United States is generally described as a mixed economy. It means that even though the great majority of productive resources are privately owned, the federal government does play an important part in the marketplace.

2. By any standard, the American economy that has evolved over less than 250 years has been immensely successful. With less than 5 percent of the world's population, the United States in the early 1990s produced about 25 per cent of the world's output. The US economy is more than twice as large as the largest economy, that of Japan. By conventional measures, US productivity and standard of living remain among the highest in the industrial word - although other nations have experienced higher rates in recent decades.

3. Americans have often been described as pragmatists. Clear evidence of the American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions: to establish and maintain an economy soundly based on the principles of free enterprise. At the same time, American government helps to create the widest possible oportunities for people, economic growth and progress.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

to evolve – развиваться

conventional measures - общепринятые мерки

 

V. Прочитайте 3-й абзац и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащий правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

 

By what actions of the American people is their pragmatism demonstrated ?

 

1. The American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions to establish and maintain an economy, based on the principles of planned economy.

2. The American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions to establish and maintain an economy, based on the principles of free enterprise.

3. The American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions to establish and maintain an economy, based on the principles of state controlled market economy.

Контрольная работа № 3

Чтобы правильно выполнить задание N 3. необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

 

1. Грамматические функции и значения слов that, one it.

2. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) видо-временных форм Simple, Continuous, Perfect.

3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.

4. Простые неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив в функции

а) подлежащего, б) составной части сказуемого, в) определения, г) обстоятельства цели.

5. Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложениях.

Тренировочные упражнения

1). Переведите на английский, употреб­ляя глаголы в Present, Past или Future Simple Passive.

Ее привели — Ее приводят — Ее приведут

Нас спросили – Нас спрашивают – Нас спросят

Нам ответили- Нам отвечают –Нам ответят

Нас послали – Нас посылают – Нас пошлют

Им дали – Им дают – Им дадут

Ему помогли – Ему помогают - Ему помогут

EMPLOYMENT

Getting a job is a very hard period in the life of most people. Companies choose an employee from hundreds of candidates according to special rules, that's why there're special 'typical' factors, influencing on employer's choice. Among such factors are: age, sex, experience, family background and marital status, personality and references. If you're to go to an interview tomorrow, sleep well before it and don't forget your CV at home - is the basic rule. Moreover, there're some recommendations, which can help you, for example, to read annual report, or company newspaper of the company to show your understanding of the corporate strategy on the interview. What's more, you should choose corresponding dress code for the interview. Even such advices are to help you make a good impression; some companies don't want to hire a man, who follows every advice. To illustrate this, I can quote Artemiy Lebedev, the most famous Russian web-designer: "If you enclose a standard stupid resume, written by the rules of American bureaucracy, we would delete it immediately after receiving. If your CV is composed according to all rules, we wouldn't choose you, as we might think, that your profession is to acquire a job". After getting a job, you may have some unexpected troubles with boss, too: e.g. if you dye your hair or wear something not appropriate. The best solution of such situation is to ask a trade union for advice, which can always help you in your fight with an employer. Of course, if you affect company discipline not coming in time or working badly, your dismissal wouldn't be unfair. To conclude, I can say that it is sometimes hard not only to get a job, but also to work in the staff, and if you don't want to be laid off, you should follow company rules, it is a must.

THE MARKET

Previously we defined markets in a very general way as arrangements through which prices guide resource allocation. We now adopt a narrower definition.

A market is a set of arrangements by which buyers and sellers are in contact to exchange goods or services.

Some markets (shops and fruit stalls) physically bring together the buyer and the seller. Other markets (The London Stock Exchange) operate chiefly through intermediaries (stockbrokers) who transact business on behalf of clients. In supermarkets, sellers choose the price, stock the shelves, and leave customers to choose whether or not to make a purchase. Antique auction force buyers to bid against each other with the seller taking a passive role.

Although superficially different, these markets perform the same economic function. They determine prices that ensure that the quantity people wish to buy equals the quantity people wish to sell. Price and quantity cannot be considered separately. In establishing that the price of a Rolls Royce is ten times the price of a small Ford, the market for motor cars simultaneoused ensures that production and sales of small Fords will greatly exceed the production and sales of Rolls Royces. These price guide society in choosing what, how, and for whom to purchase.

To understand this process more fully, we require a model of a typical market. The essential features on which such a model must concentrate are demand, the behavior of buyers, and supply, the behavior of sellers. It will then be possible to study the interaction of these forces to see how a market works in practice.

TYPES OF ADVERTISING

1. There are basically three types of advertising, namely:

Consumer advertising is advertising aimed at the ordinary consumer and is typified by what is seen on TV, heard on the radio or read in newspapers, magazines and so forth. This is mass communication aimed at large numbers of potential purchasers in an effort to pre-sell advertiser’s products to them and to create demand from targeted consumers.

2. Trade advertising, i.e. advertising aimed at wholesalers, retailers, brokers, agents and those who are part of an advertiser's distribution system. Wholesalers buy from the advertiser, retailers buy from me wholesaler and sell to the consumer. The purpose of trade advertising is to persuade wholesalers and retailers to stock the advertiser's products, which in turn is easier for the consumer to find and purchase the advertiser’s product.

3. Business to users advertising, i.e. advertising directed at industrial consumers. Here, advertisers' products are bought by industrial customers, who use them as suppliers of services, e.g. raw materials, or as consumers, e.g. buyers of disposable hats.

4. The basic principles of advertising are common to each type of advertising, apart from the fact that orientation and media selection will tend to be more specialised for the second and third types of advertising.

5. There are five stages through which a potential consumer passes before adopting a new product. We might call these acceptance stages, as follows. Each individual is likely to go through the process at a different rate and many will not become regular users.

WHAT IS BUSINESS?

Business is a word which is commonly used in many different languages. But exactly what does it mean? The concepts and activities of business have increased in modern times. Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a more technical definition. One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for profit. To examine this definition, we will look at its various parts.

First, production is the creation of services or the changing of materials into products. One example is the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. Next these products need to be moved from the factory to the marketplace. This is known as distribution. A car might be moved from factory in Detroit to a car dealership in Miami.

Third is the sale of goods and services. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange for money. Goods are products which people either need or want, for example, cars can be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, are activities which a person or group performs for another person or organization. For instance, an auto mechanic performs a service when he repairs a car. A doctor also performs a service by taking care of people when they are sick.

Business, then, is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution, and sale. However, there is one other important factor. This factor is the creation of profit or economic surplus. A major goal in the functioning of an American business company is making a profit. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid. Creating an economic surplus or profit is, therefore, a primary goal of business activity.

EXPORTING

When a company exports goods abroad there are many problems it must consider, e.g. packaging, transportation, insurance and payment. First the goods must be packed to containers to protect them from damage. The containers or crates must be labeled clearly to show where they are going. The label may also show what the crates (containers) contain. Goods can be transported by sea or by air, by a shipping company or by an airline. If the goods are shipped then transportation must be arranged from the factory to the docks or quay. This can either be by road in tracks (or lorries) or by rail. The shipment must be insured (covered) against loss or damage in transit, i.e. while it is being transported. Sometimes the exporter takes out insurance and sometimes the importer insures the shipment. It depends on the terms of their agreement. If the goods are damaged in transit the company is covered by the insurance. Of course, someone has to pay for all these things. While goods are in transit they are called freight or cargo, so the company pays freight rates or shipping cost to the shipping company. If the goods are being transported by air, the company pays to the airline. The cargo is loaded at the docks or at the airport, and for this the company pays handling charges. Also the company must pay packaging charges or costs. Exporting brings foreign currency into the country, so governments encourage export trade by giving assistance to the exporters. Often companies borrow money (finance) from banks to finance exporting. This money is called export credit. A government department called the E.C.G.D. (Export Credit Guarantee Department) gives a guarantee to the bank. This guarantee means that the government carries the loss, if the foreign buyer does not pay. It is a kind of insurance cover for the bank and the exporting company. Another form of government assistance or incentive is tax relief or tax advantages. Every company must pay a proportion of its earnings to the government in the form of tax. Tax relief means that exporters pay less tax on money earned abroad.

ВАРИАНТ I

ECONOMICS

1.Economics was defined by Alfred Marshall, one of the great Victorian economists, as "the study of mankind in the everyday business of life". There are other definitions of economics, but Marshall's definition draws attention to the unique feature of human society: that unlike other animals, man provides for his everyday needs by means of a complex pattern of production, distribution and exchange.

2. This everyday business of providing the means of livelihood is called by the general term 'economy'. Economics is the study of economies, and in particular of modern economies such as those of Western Europe and the USA. It is interesting to study primitive economies, but it is the advanced economies that interest us most.

3 How do we produce all the things that we need? How do we distribute the products among the various groups in the society? What institutions have we developed to promote economic activity, and how does each institution play its part in the intricate relationships of everyday life?

4. The economic systems fall into three categories, they are traditional economies, controlled economics and free economies. In fact most countries must be, to some extent, mixed economies. It is impossible for bureaucracy to supervise every aspect of production in the countries of controlled economies while the monopolistic exploitation of the mass of any people in a truly 'free enterprise' system is totally unacceptable in the modern world.

 

VII . Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

 

What economies can you find in most countries?

1. You can find free economies in most countries.

2. You can find controlled economies in most countries.

3. You can find mixed economies in most countries.

ВАРИАНТ 2

Computers

Originally computers were used only for doing calculations. When Ch.Babbage, a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University, invented the first calculating machine in 1812 he could hardly have imagined the situation we find ourselves in today.

Almost everything in modern world is done with the help of computers. Computers are being used more and more extensively in the world now, for the simple reason that they are more efficient that human beings. They have much better memories and can store great amount of information and they can do calculations in a fraction of the time required by a human mathematician. No man alive can do 500000 sums in one second, but a modern computer can.

In fact, a computer can do many things we do, but faster and better. They can control machines at factories, work out tomorrow’s weather and even play chess, write poetry or compose music. In science computers digest and analyze masses of measurements such as the sequential positions and velocities of a spacecraft and solve extraordinary long and complex mathematical problems, such as the trajectory of the spacecraft.

In commerce they record and process inventories, purchases, bills, payrolls, bank deposit and the like and keep track of ongoing business transactions. In industry they monitor and control manufacturing processes. In government they keep statistics and analyze economic information. Computers are also a great help to scholars in history, literature and so on.

 

V. Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

 

What does the computer do in commerce?

Control manufacturing processes.

Compose music.

Record and process inventories, bills, payrolls.

ВАРИАНТ 3

Advertising

Advertising is a message to promote a product, a service or an idea. The purpose of most advertising is to sell products or services. Advertising plays a key role in the competition among businesses for the consumer’s money. In many businesses the volume of sales depends largely on the amount of advertising done.

Manufactures advertise to persuade people to buy their products. Large firms also use advertising to create a favourable image of their company. The company may advertise in many ways depending on how much it wishes to spend, and the size and type of the target audience. If the company wants to enter the market or to launch a new product, it often starts an advertising campaign.

Such campaigns are usually very successful because people learn about new products or services. There are different ways of advertising: newspapers, television, direct mail, radio, magazines, outdoor signs, other ways (transit advertisement, window displays, point-of-purchase displays, telephone directories and novelties).

Television is a chief medium used by advertisers. In the USA 100 largest advertisers spend on average 75 percent of their advertising budgets on television. Food companies spend about 80 per cent on television, and candy, snacks and soft drinks companies spend about 85 per cent.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

advertising – реклама

transit advertisement – реклама в городском транспорте

window display – витрина

point-of-purchase display – выкладка на месте покупки

 

VII. Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

 

How much do food companies spend on advertising on TV?

They spend 75% of their advertising budget.

They spend 80% of their advertising budget.

They spend 85% of their advertising budget.

ВАРИАНТ 4

Job search

Job search is a long process which needs lots of time and effort. You can’t start it without a resume. You present the most important information about yourself in it: your background, your work experience, skills and special knowledge. You should write your objective too, that is what position you are aiming at.

With your resume drawn you start direct research. You study business magazines and newspapers and look for the companies that regularly hire in your field. You can send your resume to these companies. Employment and recruitment agencies are aimed at assisting you in finding a job. State employment agencies are funded by state labour departments. The most effective way to use their services is to visit the local offices.

Only employment agencies and some recruitment agencies will actively market you to a large number of companies. The most part of recruitment agencies only present the credentials on exciting position. It is useful to visit job fairs and career days, ask your family, relatives, friends, neighbours and acquaintances to help you in job search.

Interview is an important part in your job search. It is important to make a good impression and to wear proper clothes. Try to keep eye contact with the key person in the meeting. It is not proper to ask about the salary at the first interview or criticize your former boss or company. It is not recommended to discuss personal problems with representative of the company. It is important to assure the company representatives that you are the right person for the position.

 

Пояснения к тексту

to draw – составлять (документ)

employment agency – агентство по трудоустройству

recruitment agency – агентство по набору персонала

credentials – документы

salary – заработная плата (служащих)

 

VII. Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

 

Why is an interview so important?

It helps you to find a new job.

It helps you to demonstrate your new clothes.

It helps you to discuss your personal problems with the representative of the company.

ВАРИАНТ 5

MARKS AND SPENCER

1. Marks and Spencer is the British food and clothes company. It is one of the most famous shops in the world. Now there are about 300 their shops in Britain and many more in other European countries and in North America. Many people work for this company. It employs about 50 000 people worldwide.

2. Expansion overseas has increased the sales. Now many shops abroad are franchises. Owners of these shops buy all their stock from the main company and pay the company a percentage of their turnover.

3 The clothes vary from country to country. More short-sleeved shirts are sold in warm regions while more suits and sweaters are sent to northern countries. In Europe they sell large clothes and in Japan they stock smaller sizes because of the average size of the population. Food departments are also ^very popular especially at lunchtime.

4. The company keeps high standards of quality and all suppliers are to have regular inspections. Customers can return any item they think is unsatisfactory. Most suppliers are British. About 80 per cent of goods are produced in Britain.

 

Пояснения к тексту

franchise – здесь, торговый агент, дилер

 

VII. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ.

 

What is franchise?

1. Franchise is a joint venture.

2. A business that has permission to make or sell named goods.

3. A shop that deals in goods of all sorts.

Контрольная работа № 4

Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

a) Сложные формы инфинитива (Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive). Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот.

б) Причастия (Participle I, II). Независимый причастный оборот (самостоятельный) причастный оборот.

в) Условные предложения.

Тренировочные упражнения

С .

1. The aim of convertibility proved difficult to achieve.

2. The management seem to be moving in the right direction.

3. The two sides appear to have solved the problem.

4. Since that time the market share of these larger companies does not seem to have increased.

5. These studies seem to indicate that the size structure of plants in British industry is such that they are able to take advantage of such scale economies as are available.

6. Many mergers appear to have been motivated by a desire to increase market power rather than by a desire to increase efficiency.

7. Firms are assumed to maximize their short-run profits.

8. When an increase in the scale of production yields a more than proportionate increase in output, the enterprise is said to be experiencing economies of scale.

9. The train was supposed to arrive at 7 o'clock but it was half an hour late.

10. Many people are reported to be homeless after the floods.

11. The building is reported to have been damaged by fire.

12. The company is said to be losing a lot of money.

11. Goods which are close substitutes for one another are said to be in competitive demand.

14. A good is said to be in composite demand when it is demanded for several different uses.

15. The capitalist system is said to be based upon the principle of competition.

16. Consumers are assumed to maximize the satisfaction derived from the goods and services that they buy.

17. Firms are assumed to know what quantity of each product they would sell.

18. Consumers are assumed to be aware of all the goods and services they could buy.

19. The total value of international movements of capital is thought to be at least ten times the value of world trade in goods and services.

20. Complementarily is said to exist when an increase in the quantity of one product sold leads to an increase in the demand of another product.

Everybody looked at the dancing girl. 2. The little plump woman standing at the window is our grandmother. 3. The man playing the piano is Kate’s uncle. 4. Entering the room, she turned on the light. 5. Coming to the theatre, she saw that the performance had already begun. 6. Looking out of the window, he saw his mother watering the flowers. 7. Hearing the sounds of music we stopped talking. 8. She went into the room, leaving the door open.

All the people who live in this house are students. 2. The woman who is speaking now is our secretary. 3. The apparatus that stands on the table in the corner of the laboratory is quite new. 4. The young man who helps the professor in his experiments studies at an evening school for laboratory workers. 5. People who take books from the library must return them in time. 6. There are many students in our group who take part in all kinds of extra-curricular activities .

As he now felt more at ease , the man spoke in a louder voice. 2. Since he knew who the man was, Robert was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him. 3. As he thought that it was his brother at the window , Steve decided to open it. 4. As the people were afraid of falling into a ditch in the darkness at any moment , they felt their way about very carefully. 5. Since he needed a shelter for the night , Peter decided to go to the neighbours’ house.

When you speak English , pay attention the order of words. 2. Be careful when you crossing the street . 3. When you are leaving the room , don’t forget to switch off the light. 4. When you begin to work with the dictionary , don’t forget my instructions. 5. When they were traveling in Central Africa, the explorers met many wild animals. 6. Whe n you are copying English texts , pay attention to the articles. 7. You must have much practice when you are learning to speak a foreign language . 8. When he arrived at the railway station, he bought a ticket, walked to the platform and boarded the train. 9. When he had left the house and was crossing the street , he suddenly stopped as he remembered that he had forgotten to phone his friend. 10.

Приносящий, принесенный, принося, принеся, переводящий, переведенный, переводя, переведя, давая, написав, читающий, берущий, данный, прочитав, сделанный, пьющий, сказанный, будучи потерянным, нарисовав, написавший, делая, взятый, взяв, рисуя, выпитый, сделав, идя, пишущий, прочитанный, дав, делающий, выпив, говорящий, беря, написанный, читая, идущий, дающий, сказав, сидевший, посмотрев, будучи забыт, строящий, строящийся, играя, поиграв, рассказанный, рассказавший, видя, принесший, будучи принесенным, построенный, продав, доставленный, обсужденный, прослушанный.

Составьте предложения .

Example: If you pay in euros, we’ll deliver within seven days.

A	B
pay in euros order today finish everything tonight deliver by the end of the month give us a one-year guarantee exceed the sales target deliver on time pay all the advertising costs sigh the contract now meet again next week	a) pay you a higher commission b) offer you a special discount c) reduce the price d) give you a signing-on bonus e) pay all the transport costs f) give you a 5% discount g) deliver within seven days h) change our position i) give you the day off tomorrow j) order from you again

33). Заполните предложения союзами if или unless .

Переведите на русский язык

1. I wish the customers were not late s usual.

2. I wish the letter hadn’t been so long.

3. I wish you wouldn’t be slow.

4. I wish I could go to my work by car.

5. I wish it would stop raining.

6. I wish I had known this before.

7. I wish they would stop the noise.

8. I wish I had made the decision yesterday.

9. I wish you could drive a car.

10. I wish I had lived not far from here.

 

47). Заполните пропуски в предложениях нужной формой глагола в скобках. Некоторые предложения требуют отрицательной формы.

1. Bruce wishes ______________ (have) more money so he could buy a new sweater.

2. I wish it ________________ (snow) now that it’s Christmas.

3. I wish I _________________ (be) taller so that I could be in the basketball team.

4. I wish you_______________ (stop) watching TV while I am talking to you.

5. I wish you ________________ (do) that. It annoys me.

6. I wish the holidays _______________ (come) so we could go off to the seaside.

7. I wish they _____________ (build) that block of flats right in front of our window.

8. Of course Tom wishes he ______ (come) with us Paris, but he has to stay here and work.

9.  I wish we _________ (go) to the match on Saturday but we’re visiting my uncle instead.

10. I wish you ___________ (keep) your mouth shut yesterday. Now Mary knows everything.

11. If only _______________ (lose) all my money. Now I’m broke.

12. Peter is always late. If only he _____________ (turn up) on time for a change!

13. Don’t you wish you _________ (come) earlier?

14. I wish it __________ (be) possible to join you.

15. I wish you ________ (help) me with my problems.

16. Jack wished Ann__________ (stay) in his house.

17. I wish I ________(can explain) it to you.

18. I wish I ________ (tell) you this at once.

19. My friend wished he ______________ (not become) a rich man.

20. We wish you _________ (not leave) us so soon.

Выберите правильный ответ.

1. If I find your book, I _______ call you.

a) will                    b) would

2. If I had a spare ticket, I ________ take you to the cinema.

a) would                b) will

3. If I Nick, I wouldn’t have paid $10,000 for that car.

a) had been            b) were

4. If I had gone to bed earlier yesterday, I __________ feel better now.

a) would have        b) would

5. John suggested that I Should _______ for another job.

a) look                   b) have looked

6. You’d better not ______ that switch. It’s dangerous.

a) touch                 b) will touch

7. I wish I _____________ what to do

a) have known                   b) knew

8. I won’t be able to help you unless you _________ me the whole story.

a) tell                     b) don’t tell

9. If you invite me to your party I __________ come.

a) will                    b) would

10. If she _______ you, she would be able to advise you.

a) had been            b) were

11. If I had managed to repair my TV set earlier, I _________ this film.

a) could see           b) could have seen

12. I will lend you some money if you ___________ in time.

a) will give back    b) give back

13. It’s cold today. You’d better __________ a sweater when you go out.

a) will wear            b) wear

14. If I ________ him I will invite him to join us.

a) will see              b) see

15. I wish I _________ yesterday.

a) had met             b) met

16. I wish he __________ come.

a) will                    b) would

17. If he _______ his seatbelt, he mightn’t have been hurt.

a) fastened             b) had fastened

18. If it _________ fine tomorrow, we’ll go for a picnic.

a) is                        b) will be

19. If I had one million dollars, I __________ a yacht.

a) would probably buy      b) will probably buy          c) probably bought

20. Plants die if you _________ them.

a) won’t water                   b) don’t water       c) wouldn’t water

21. Would it be all right if I __________ round about six?

a) come                  b) came                  c) will come

22. You look tired. If I ______ you, I ________ a holiday.

a) be, will take       b) were, would take c) have been, take

23. I ________ the same if I _______ in your shoes.

a) would do, were b) will do, will be  c) would have done, am

24. If I ________ her, I _________ to her. But I didn’t see her and speak to her.

a) saw, would speak b) had seen, would have spoken   c) would have seen, would speak

25. If I ______ that you were coming, I _________ you at the airport. I had a lot of time to do that.

a) had known, would have met b) knew, would meet c) would have known, had met

Тексты для перевода

An ideal relationship

Before you read

Do companies help the arts (music, theater, etc.) financially in your country? What are the benefits for a) the companies, b) the arts organizations?

Business and arts need each other, writes Tony Thorncroft

The largest arts sponsorship project of recent years has been the relationship between the Royal Shakespeare Company and Allied Domecq, the drinks company. Allied Domecq have invested £8 million over seven years in the theatre company. It is already seen as a model sponsorship, with benefits for both sides.

To begin with Allied Domecq was mainly interested in using the connection for corporate entertaining. The RSC’s two theaters, at Stratford-on-Avon and in the Barbican in the City of London, were ideally located for meeting key business and political contacts.

The RSC’s annual tour of the UK allowed Allied Domecq to build links in the regions. And the RSC’s frequent overseas visits and tours with big-name actors in important roles created the special occasions which gave the company access to influential figures in some of its main export markets.

Iain Oag, director of external affairs at Allied Domecq with responsibility for the sponsorship, remembers in particular a visit to Mexico, a key Allied Domecq market. The company took over two of the RSC’s eight performances and the president of Mexico was among its guests.

Tasks

 

1. The article gives three simple steps to a four-day week. Which of the phrases below matches each of the three steps?

Step 1:…………………………………………………………………………….

Step 2:…………………………………………………………………………….

Step 3:…………………………………………………………………………….

Be calm and confident.

Research the background.

Consider possible objections.

Look for practical solutions to problems.

 

2. Your boss’s objections may be that you will not be able to …

(Mark all the points that you are given in the article.)

go on long business trips.

keep a good standard of customer service.

deal with important thing immediately.

help your colleagues when they have problems.

go to all the meetings.

take on extra work when other people are sick.

Do all the work that you are responsible for.

 

3. Which of these are positive arguments for a four-day week?

(Mark all the points that you are given in the article.)

are more productive.

don’t stay with the company very long.

are not ill so often.

take advantage of the system by doing less work.

 

4. What does it mean if workers are “loyal”?

a) They care about the company.

b) They take a lot of interest in the work.

c) They are ready to take on more responsibility.

d) They want to do well in their careers.

Accounting

Accountancy (profession) or accounting (methodology) is the measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about information that helps managers and other decision makers make resource allocation decisions. Financial accounting is one branch of accounting and historically has involved processes by which financial information about a business is recorded, classified, summarized, interpreted, and communicated. Auditing, a related but separate discipline, is the process whereby an independent auditor examines an organization's financial statements in order to express an opinion -- that conveys reasonable but not absolute assurance -- as to the fairness and adherence to generally accepted accounting principles, in all material respects.

Practitioners of accountancy are known as accountants. Accountancy attempts to create accurate financial reports that are useful to managers, regulators, and other stakeholders such as shareholders, creditors, or owners. The day-to-day record-keeping involved in this process is known as bookkeeping.

At the heart of modern financial accounting is the double-entry book-keeping system. This system involves making at least two entries for every transaction: a debit in one account, and a corresponding credit in another account. The sum of all debits should always equal the sum of all credits. This provides an easy way to check for errors. This system was first used in medieval Europe, although claims have been made that the system dates back to Ancient Greece.

Bank

A bank is an institution that provides financial service, particularly taking deposits and extending credit.

Currently the term bank is generally understood as an institution that holds a banking license. Banking licenses are granted by bank regulatory authorities and provide rights to conduct the most fundamental banking services such as accepting deposits and making loans. There are also financial institutions that provide certain banking services without meeting the legal definition of a bank, a so called non-banking financial company.

Banks have a long history, and have influenced economies and politics for centuries.

The word bank is derived from the Italian banca, which is derived from German language and means bench. The terms bankrupt and "broke" are similarly derived from banca rotta, which refers to an out-of-business bank, having its bench physically broken. Money lenders in Northern Italy originally did business in open areas, or big open rooms, with each lender working from his own bench or table.

Traditionally, a bank generates profits from transaction fees on financial services and from the interest it charges for lending. In recent history, with historically low interest rates limiting banks' ability to earn money by lending deposited funds, much of a bank's income is provided by overdraft fees and riskier investments.

Banks in the Economy

A bank raises funds by attracting deposits, borrowing money in the inter-bank market, or issuing financial instruments in the money market or a capital market. The bank then lends out most of these funds to borrowers.

However, it would not be prudent for a bank to lend out all of its balance sheet. It must keep a certain proportion of its funds in reserve so that it can repay depositors who withdraw their deposits. Bank reserves are typically kept in the form of a deposit with a central bank. This behaviour is called fractional-reserve banking and it is a central issue of monetary policy. Some governments (or their central banks) restrict the proportion of a bank's balance sheet that can be lent out, and use this as a tool for controlling the money supply. Even where the reserve ratio is not controlled by the government, a minimum figure will still be set by regulatory authorities as part of bank regulation.

Worldwide assets of the largest 1,000 banks grew 15.5% in 2005 to reach a record $60.5 trillion. This follows a 19.3% increase in the previous year. EU banks held the largest share, 50% at the end of 2005, up from 38% a decade earlier. The growth in Europe’s share was mostly at the expense of Japanese banks whose share more than halved during this period from 33% to 13%. The share of US banks also rose, from 10% to 14%. Most of the remainder was from other Asian and European countries.

The US had by far the most banks (7,540 at end-2005) and branches (75,000) in the world. The large number of banks in the US is an indicator of its geographical disparity and regulatory structure resulting in a large number of small to medium sized institutions in its banking system. Japan had 129 banks and 12,000 branches. In Western Europe, Germany, France and Italy had more than 30,000 branches each. This was twice the number of branches in the UK.

Finance

Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses and organizations raise, allocate and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects. The term finance may thus incorporate any of the following:

The study of money and other assets

The management and control of those assets

Profiling and managing project risks

As a verb, "to finance" is to provide funds for business.

The activity of finance is the application of a set of techniques that individuals and organizations (entities) use to manage their financial affairs, particularly the differences between income and expenditure and the risks of their investments.

An entity whose income exceeds its expenditure can lend or invest the excess income. On the other hand, an entity whose income is less than its expenditure can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity claims, decreasing its expenses, or increasing its income. The lender can find a borrower, a financial intermediary, such as a bank or buy notes or bonds in the bond market. The lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary pockets the difference.

A bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays interest. The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders of different sizes to coordinate their activity. Banks are thus compensators of money flows in space since they allow different lenders and borrowers to meet, and in time, since every borrower will eventually pay back.

Finance is used by individuals (personal finance), by governments (public finance), by businesses (corporate finance), etc., as well as by a wide variety of organizations including schools and non-profit organizations. In general, the goals of each of the above activities are achieved through the use of appropriate financial instruments, with consideration to their institutional setting.

Taxes and Tariffs

Most modern governments use taxes to fund welfare and public services, such as:

education systems,

healthcare systems,

pensions for the elderly,

unemployment benefits,

energy, water and waste management systems,

public transportation.

Colonial states and modern states have also used cash taxes to draw or force reluctant subsistence producers into cash economies.

Governments use different kind of taxes and vary the tax rates:

to distribute the tax burden between individuals or classes of the population involved in taxable activities, such as business,

to redistribute resources between individuals or classes in the population. Historically, the nobility were supported by taxes on the poor; modern social security systems are intended to support the poor, the disabled or the retired by taxes on those who are still working,

to influence the macroeconomic performance of the economy (the government's strategy for doing this is called its fiscal policy) (see also tax exemption),

to modify patterns of consumption or employment within an economy, by making some classes of transaction more or less attractive.

An import or export tariff (also called customs duty or impost) is a charge for the movement of goods through a political border. Tariffs discourage trade, and they may be used by governments to protect domestic industries. A proportion of tariff revenues is often hypothecated to pay government to maintain a navy or border police. The classic way of cheating a tariff is smuggling.

Kinds of Taxes

Tax is an officially specified amount, which is necessary to be paid by every individual or firm at a fixed place at a fixed date.

Dozens of taxes are imposed in every economy. They provide governments and local authorities with financial resources necessary for their activities. According to the level at which taxes are raised they are divided into state, regional and local. State taxes (such as income tax or value-added tax fill the whole country's budget. They are used to finance economic and social programmes of governments. State taxes are usually supplemented by taxes assessed on property values or household size. Regional taxes exist in federal republics (such as Russian federation, USA or Switzerland).

According to the method of collection taxes are divided into direct and indirect. Direct taxes are assessed on some values directly (like profit tax). The taxpayers are certain. Indirect taxes are included in goods' prices (like VAT or excise duties). Some people do not even noticed that they have paid these taxes.

According to the percentage of income taxes are divided into progressive, proportional and regressive.

Progressive tax taken a greater percentage of income from the higher-income groups than from the lower-income groups. In this case the marginal rate of taxation is higher than the average rate.

Proportional tax the same percentage of all taxpayers' income and wealth. Corporation tax collected in the UK is an example of proportional tax.

Regressive taxes make the poor groups suffer greater sacrifices than the rich do. Flat rate taxes such as excise duties or VAT act repressively since the amount of the tax included in the prices of these goods represents a greater percentage of the incomes of the lower-income groups.

So you see that progressive taxes are the most equitable kind of tax.

ВАРИАНТ 1

ACCOUNTING

1. The work people do is called economic activity. An accountant prepares accounting reports on the effects of human activities. It is accepted that if you work hard you earn enough money for food and clothes. Why should an accountant take into consideration basic human needs and the overall strategy of the firm? What is the role of an accountant in business?

2. An accountant should know everything about the financial situation of the firm to help the management in decision making and only in this case there would be no risks in producing and selling goods and the firm would not suffer losses. An accountant should get all information concerning goods to be sold and to be bought because an accountant prepares reports on the effects of transactions. Accounting reports are based upon accurate information. No accurate information - no trade. This information can be used to help in making current and future decisions. It is used by businessmen, bankers, government. An accountant is responsible for the effects of past decisions.

3. Most accountants regularly prepare two types of reports: income statements and balance sheets. One major tool for analysis is ratio analysis. A ratio analysis is the relationship of two figures. One figure deals with profitability. It is used as a measure of a firm's operating efficiency. And the second one deals with assets. It helps the firm to evaluate its current financial situation.

4. Accounting is also concerned with the interpretation of financial information. Many accountants do not directly get involved in decision making but when they do they are, performing a very important function. For every business the most important information is concerned with profits and losses (assets and liabilities). The income statement shows the

difference between assets and liabilities over a period of time.

Пояснения к тексту

It is accepted that... – общепризнано, что

overall strategy – генеральная стратегия

decision making – принятие решений

ratio analysis – анализ коэффициентов

profitability - рентабельность

assets and liabilities – актив и пассив

 

V. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

 

What is the role of an accountant in business?

ВАРИАНТ 2

CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETS

1. Markets may be classified in many ways, such as a) according to the area covered, b) according to the methods of dealing, c) according to the commodity or class of commodities dealt in. This classification is very useful.

2. Markets for Raw Materials. These markets are known as Produce Markets, where importers sell raw materials to wholesale dealers. Well-known examples of such markets are for cotton, wheat, wool, copper and rubber. Produce markets are located in some important city but their transactions are world-wide. Dealers usually meet on an Exchange, where the method of dealing is a sample, or by grades. The Exchange usually issues periodical Market Reports, and regulates all transactions by its rules.

3. Markets for Manufactured Goods. When the processes of manufacture are completed, the manufacturer may distribute the goods to the retailer himself, or, as is more usual, he may sell them to the wholesaler, who warehouses the products of many manufacturers and distributes them to the retailers or to other wholesale dealers at home or abroad. The wholesale market extends therefore over a wide area; the wholesaler is in contact with retailers, from whom he receives reports regarding changes in demand. The orders received from the retailers are passed on to the manufacturers, and in this way the course of production is determined.

 

V. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

 

What is the classification of markets?

BAPИAHT 3

CURRENCY

1. Currency is the official medium of money exchange of a country. "Currency" - because money runs or passes from person to person.

The currency in circulation usually consists of coins and bank-notes. In Britain the currency in circulation is the pound sterling. About one-sixth is held by banks, the remainder by public.

2. Each sovereign state has a currency (e.g. the American dollar, the French franc) ; a payment from one country to another requites to be made in terms of a rate of exchange between their currencies.

3. A variation in the rate of exchange between currency is known as depreciation or devaluation of the currency, which becomes cheaper as a result of the appreciation of the others. Rates of exchange between currency depend on the demand and supply for them and their supply. But this depends upon trade, services, the price of currency, the international movement of capital, i.e. the import and export of securities and similar financial claims.

4. There are two kinds of currency: soft and hard. SOFT currencies are those, for which international demand is weak, HARD currencies are those, for which international demand is strong.

It is the Exchange Equalization Account and International Monetary Fund who run all matters about currency in the world.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

rate of exchange - курс обмена (валют)

depreciation - обесценивание, снижение

devaluation - девальвация.обесценивание

soft currency - неконвертируемая (неустойчивая) валюта

hard currency – конвертируемая ( устойчивая, твердая) валюта 

Exchange Equalization Account – Единый уравнительный фонд счета

 

ВАРИАНТ 4

BANKS IN GREAT BRITAIN

1. The safest place to keep your money is a bank. The most widely used type of account in Britain is a current account. You can pay in money received in any form and then draw it out when you need it by using your cheque book. Payments to other people can be made by writing out cheques in their name. If you want to draw out cash for yourself, make the cheque payable in your own name.

2. When you pay a cheque into your account no one knows that it is definitely going to be paid. In fact, it may take up to a week before your bank actually receives the money. During this time, the cheque is ^‘uncleared ‘and money cannot be drawn against it, unless your bank agrees to let you do so.

3. Most banks in Britain don't make charges if you keep more than a certain amount of money in your account. However, you shouldn't overdraw on your account without the bank's permission. If you borrow money from the bank there will be an interest charge. You will also have to pay a small charge to convert foreign currency paid into your bank.

4. When you have established yourself as a satisfactory customer with the bank they can issue you with a cheque card. This is an identity card which guarantees that your cheques will be honoured by the bank. A cheque card can be very useful as many shops will not accept a cheque unless it is backed by a cheque guarantee card.

5. Many banks provide dispensing machines, generally set in the wall of the bank outside where you can draw cash when the bank is crowded or closed. Provided you are a satisfactory customer the bank can issue you with a cash card which allows you to use these machines.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

uncleared cheques - недостоверные , непроверенные чеки

to be in interest charge - зд. взимать процент

to backed by - зд. Подтверждать

 

ВАРИАНТ 5

THE NATURE OF MARKETING

1. Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user. Simply to produce a product is not enough; the product must be transported, stored, priced, advertised and sold before the satisfaction of human needs and wants. Marketing is the whole process of having the right product, at the right time, in the right place and bringing a mutual benefit to customer and vendor. Marketing activities range from the initial conception and design of the product to its ultimate sale, and account for about half the cost of the product. Customers benefit by having what they want, when and where they want it. Vendors benefit by making a profit. The greater the benefits customers receive, the more frequently they will trade with the business that provides them.

2. You are engaging in marketing when you; design or develop a product or service; transport and store goods; provide a variety of choice; buy in large volumes and sell them by item; install, service, repair, instruct; update and improve.

3. Marketing is the Four Ps - the product, the place, the price and the promotion. But most of all, marketing is research; finding out who the customers are and what they need.

Successful vendors never forget that benefit lies in the customer's perception, not in the vendor’s. Marketing is asking the question "Who will buy my product or service?

4. Although many critics claim that the cost of marketing is too high, an analysis of the marketing functions does not bear this criticism out. Rather than think of the cost of marketing, one should consider the value added through marketing. Marketing becomes too costly only when its cost exceeds the value it adds.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

to range from ... to - начинается ..... и заканчивается

a variety of choice - ассортимент

does not bear these criticisms out - не подтверждает такой критики

rather than – прежде чем

 

V. Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

 

When does marketing become too costly?

 

Грамматический справочник

Правила чтения

Прежде всего, необходимо научиться правильно произносить и читать слова и предложения на английском языке, следует:

во-первых, усвоить правила произношения отдельных букв и буквосочетаний, а также правила ударения в слове и в целом предложении; при этом особое внимание следует обратить на произношение тех звуков, которые не имеют аналогов в русском языке;

во-вторых, регулярно упражняться в чтении и произношении по соответствующим разделам рекомендованных программой учебников и учебных пособий.

 

Сводная таблица чтения гласных

Буквы	Типы слогов
	oткрытый и условно-открытый	закрытый	Буква r после гласной	Буква r между гласными
a	plate [ei]	lamp [æ]	car [a:]	care [e¶]
e	he [i:]	ten [e]	her [¶:]	here [i¶]
o	no [ou]	not [o]	sport [o:]	more [o:]
y, i	my, tie [ai]	it, system [i]	first [¶:]	tired, tyre [ai ]
u	tube [ju:]	cup [L]	turn [¶ :]	cure [ju ]

 

Запас слов и выражений

Чтобы понимать читаемую литературу, необходимо овладеть определенным запасом слов и выражений. Для этого рекомендуется регулярно читать на английском языке.

Работу над закреплением и обогащением лексического запаса рекомендуется проводить следующим образом:

Работа со словарем, выучите английский алфавит, а также ознакомьтесь по предисловию с построением словаря и с системой условных обозначений, принятых в данном словаре.

Слова выписывайте в тетрадь или на карточки в исходной форме с соответствующей грамматической характеристикой, т.е. существительные – в ед. числе; глаголы – в неопределенной форме (в инфинитиве), указывая для неправильных глаголов основные формы.

При переводе с английского языка на русский необходимо помнить, что трудности вызывает следующее:

 1.Многозначность слов. Например, right может выступать в роли существительного право, а также и в качестве прилагательного.

Подобрать нужное значение слова можно только исходя из контекста, т.е. окружающих данное слово слов. Например:

This is the right way.

A right angle equals 90’.

Go to the right.

When will you see your flat? (квартира)

The flat (плоская) surface of the table was painted white.

 

2.Интернационализмы. В английском языке большое место занимают слова, заимствованные из других языков, в основном, латинского и греческого. Эти слова получили большое распространение и стали интернациональными.

По корню таких слов легко догадаться об их переводе на русский язык, например:

investment – инвестиция, dividend – дивиденд.

Однако нужно помнить, что многие интернационализмы расходятся в своем значении в русском и английском языках, поэтому их часто называют «ложными друзьями» переводчика. Например: accurate – точный, а не аккуратный; resin – смола, а не резина; control – не только контролировать, но и управлять и т.д.

 

3. Словообразование. Эффективным средством расширения запаса слов в английском языке служит знание способов словообразования. Умея расчленить производное слово на корень, суффикс и префикс, легче определить значение неизвестного слова. Кроме того, значение наиболее употребительных префиксов и суффиксов, вы сможете без труда понять значение гнезда слов, образованных из одного корневого слова, которое вам известно.

 

Глагол- сказуемое

Every individual demands goods and services

Каждому индивиду требуются товары и услуги

 

5. В английском языке очень часто существительное употребляется в функции определения без изменения своей формы.

Структура «существительное + существительное + существительное» и т.д. вызывает трудности при переводе, т.к. существительные стоят подряд. Главным словом в такой группе является последнее, а все предшествующие существительные являются определениями к нему.

Некоторые существительные – определения могут переводиться прилагательными, например:

Cane - тростник                cane sugar – тростниковый сахар

Sugar – сахар                        sugar cane – сахарный тростник

Однако подобный способ перевода не всегда возможен; часто такие определения приходиться переводить существительными в косвенных падежах или предложными оборотами. Порядок перевода обусловливается смысловыми связями между определениями и определяемым словом. Перевод следует начинать справа налево с последнего существительного, а существительные, стоящие перед ним в роли определения, нужно переводить на русский язык существительными в косвенных падежах (чаще родительном) или предложным оборотом, например:

 Export grain – зерно на экспорт (экспортное зерно)

Grain export – экспорт зерна

6. В английском языке есть ряд глаголов, которые употребляются с послелогами и образуют новые понятия. Благодаря послелогам сравнительно немногочисленная группа слов отличается большой многозначностью. К этой группе относятся глаголы to get, to be, to make, to go, to put и ряд других.

В словаре глаголы с послелогом пишутся после основного значения глагола в порядке алфавита послелогов. Часто перед послелогом пишется только начальная буква основного глагола, например:

to go – идти ; to go on – продолжать .

 

7. В текстах научного характера английские словосочетания часто переводятся одним словом:

raw materials – сырье

price building – ценообразование

8. Иногда при переводе с английского языка на русский приходится применять описательный перевод и передавать значение английского слова с помощью нескольких русских слов. Например:

Существительные

characteristics – характерные особенности

necessities – предметы первой необходимости

output – выпуск продукции

Глаголы и наречия

to average – составлять, равняться в среднем

mainly, chiefly – главным образом

9. Характерной особенностью языка научно-технической литературы является наличие большого количества терминов. Термин – это слово или устойчивое словосочетание, которое имеет одно строго определенное значение для определенной области науки и техники.

Однако в литературе имеются случаи, когда термин имеет несколько значений.

Трудность перевода заключается в выборе правильного значения многозначного иностранного термина. Чтобы избежать ошибок, нужно знать общее содержание отрывка или абзаца и, опираясь на контекст, определить, к какой области знания относится понятие, выраженное неизвестным термином. Например: термин reduction можно перевести как понижение или превращение, или снижение (например, информации). Правильное значение можно определить только по контексту. Поэтому прежде чем приступить к переводу на русский язык, нужно сначала установить, о чем идет речь в абзаце или в данном отрывке текста.

Окончание

Словообразование -S Имени существительного 1) во мн. числе 2) в притяжательном падеже Глагола 1) в 3 лице ед. числа 2) в утверд. форме наст. Времени (Present Simple)   -ER

имени прилагательного в сравнительной степени

имя существ.,обознач. действующ. лицо, аппарат, прибор -EST

имени прилагат. в превосх. степени

  -ED

глагола:

в личной форме простого прошедшего времени (Past Simple)

2) в неличной форме (Participle II)

   

Глагол в неличных формах:

Participle I - причастие

         

Примеры к таблице

-s, ‘s

The export of goods is high.

  Экспорт товаров высокий.

 

The export’s level of consumer goods is very high.

Уровень экспорта потребительских товаров очень высокий.

 

This country exports coffee.

Эта страна экспортирует кофе.

 

-er, -est

a teacher – учитель

lighter - легче

the lightest – самый легкий

a lighter – зажигалка

 

- е d

He lighted the lamp – Он зажег лампу

Lighted – заженный

 

- ing

lighting – освещающий ( определение), освещая (обстоятельство), (Participle 1)

lighting – освещение ( имеется в виду процесс), (Gerund)

the lighting –освещение ( verbal Noun)

 

Поскольку количество суффиксов английского языка, по которым можно установить, к какой части речи относится данное слово, сравнительно невелико, для уточнения грамматических функций слова, взятого отдельно или в предложении, используются:

строевые слова; 2) твердый порядок слов.

 

Строевые слова-признаки

Имени существительного	Глагола
Артикль a name – имя an aim – цель export -   экспорт	Прединфинитивная частица to name – называть to aim - нацеливаться to export - экспортировать
Предлог in turn - по очереди without results - без результата	Модальный глагол или вспомогательный глагол You must turn to the left Вам надо повернуть налево Their efforts will result in success Их усилия приведут к успеху They should watch the TV programme Им следует посмотреть эту телепередачу
Местоимение (притяжательное, вопросительное, отрицательное, относительное, неопределенное) my work – моя работа his studies – его занятия Whose plans are better? Чьи планы лучше? No vacant seats are left Никаких свободных мест не осталось	Местоимение ( личное, вопросительное, относительное) I work – Я работаю He studies – Он занимается Who plans the research? Кто планирует это научное исследование? The car which seats five persons Машина, которая вмещает (рассчитана на) 5 человек

Имя существительное

Артикли и предлоги

Перед каждым нарицательным существительным должен стоять артикль. Артикль a / an употребляется с исчисляемыми существительными, и когда вы упоминаете о чем-то впервые. Артикль the употребляется со знакомыми предметами и в устойчивых выражениях. Артикль не употребляется, если перед существительным стоит притяжательное (my, his) или указательное (this, that) местоимение, другое существительное в притяжательном падеже (mother’s), количественное числительное (five books) или отрицание no.

 

This is a book. (исчисляемое в ед.числе) The book is interesting. This is meat (неисчисляемое). The meat is fresh. These are books (множественное число) The books are good.

 

This is a book. This is a good book. The book is interesting.

Часто, даже упоминая предмет впервые, мы употребляем перед ним определенный артикль: А) если упоминаемый предмет уникален (the sun, the moon, the sky) Б) если этот предмет известен по ситуации (Put the book on the table)

 

Запомните следующие конструкции, требующие неопределенного артикля:

I have a…..	This is a ……	I am a …….
He has a …..	That is a …..	He is a …..
I see a …..	It is a …..	She is a ……
	There is a ….

 

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

There is a….. In the corner In the morning Go to work In September At breakfast What colour…. Play the piano The USA All day long Go to the theatre The same At sunrise(sunset) In spring In a day (week)

Where is the….? To the right In the evening Go home On Sunday For breakfast Study chemistry Out of doors In the north Oxford University Go to the market What a day! In the country After a while For life

In front (of) To the left In the afternoon Come home The tenth of May Watch TV Speak English In a loud voice Have a good time What’s the use? Go for a walk Such a…. By bus The rest of the… It was night (daytime)

In the middle At night Go to bed At home Have breakfast (lunch, tea, dinner) Play chess The best student A lot of Go to the cinema In fact It’s high time… In (to) town A great deal of From place to place

Имя прилагательное

Односложные и двусложные прилагательные

Положительная степень Small Large Big Happy

Сравнительная степень smaller larger bigger happier

Превосходная степень the smallest the largest the biggest the happiest

 

Особые случаи образования степеней сравнения:

Положительная степень	Сравнительная степень	Превосходная степень
Old   Far Good Bad Many ,much Little	elder older farther further better worse more less	the eldest ( в семье) the oldest (по возрасту) the farthest (расстояние) the furthest (делать далее) the best the worst the most the least

 

Многосложные прилагательные

Положительная степень	Сравнительная степень	Превосходная степень
Interesting Beautiful	more interesting more beautiful	the most interesting the most beautiful

 

Запомните:

As …..as – такой же, как;                                  not so …as/ not as…as – не такой, как The sooner the better – чем быстрее, тем лучше

Числительные

1 one – the first 2 two – the second 3 three – the third 4 four – the fourth 5 five - the fifth 6 six – the sixth 7 seven – the seventh 8 eight – the eighth 9 nine - the ninth 10 ten – the tenth 11 eleven – the eleventh 12 twelve – the twelfth 13 thirteen- the thirteenth 14 fourteen – the fourteenth

15 fifteen – the fifteenth 16 sixteen – the sixteenth 17 seventeen – the seventeenth 18 eighteen – the eighteenth 19 nineteen – the nineteenth 20 twenty - the twentieth 30 thirty - the thirtieth 40 forty – the fortieth 50 fifty – the fiftieth 60 sixty – the sixtieth 7- seventy – the seventieth 80 eighty – the eightieth 90 ninety – the ninetieth 100 hundred – the hundredth 21 twenty-one-the twenty first

32 thirty two-the thirty second 43 forty three-the forty third 54 fifty four- the fifty fourth 65 sixty five-the sixty fifth 76 seventy six-the seventy sixth 87 eighty seven-the eighty seventh 109 one hundred and nine 200 two hundred In 1905 in nineteen ou five 1900 nineteen hundred 1000 one thousand September 5th,1995 – September the fifth,1995

Местоимения

Личные	Притяжательные	Притяжательные (абсолютная форма)	Возвратные
I (я)	my	mine	myself
You (ты)	your	yours	yourself
He (он)	his	his	himself
She (она)	her	hers	herself
It (он, она, оно)	its	its	itself
You (вы)	your	yours	yourself
We (мы)	our	ours	ourselves
They (они)	their	theirs	themselves

вопросительные	указательные	неопределенные	отрицательные
Where – где? Why – почему? How- как? How many/much – сколько? When – когда?	This – этот, эта, это That – тот, та, то These – эти Those - те	Some – какой-то (+) Somebody – кто-то(+) Something – что-то(+) Any – какой-то (-?) Anybody – кто-то (-?) Anything – что-то (-?)	No – никакой(-) Nobody – никто (-) Nothing – ничто (-)

We have got some books. I can see something He asked somebody to help him

We have got no books.     I can see nothing        He asked nobody to help him

We haven’t got any books. I can’t see anything. He didn’t ask anybody to help him

Have you got any book?   Can you see anything? Did he ask anybody to help him?

Much, many, (a) little, (a) few

много	much	time, water ,love
много	many	books, women, friends
много	a lot of	time, books, love
мало (плохо)	little	time, water, love
мало (хорошо)	a little	time, water, love
мало (плохо)	few	books, women, friends
мало (хорошо)	a few	books, women, friends

 

Вопросительные местоимения

 

Who – кто?	Who invented the radio? Who did you invite?
Whose – чей?	Whose book did you take?
What – что, чей?	What did you ask? What book did you take?
Why – почему?	Why did you come?
Which – который, какой, что?	Which student works hard? Which of you speaks French?
When – когда?	When did you come?
How many/how much?	How many books have you bought? How much have you read?
Where – где, куда	Where is he? Where did he go?
How often – как часто?	How often do you come here?
How - как	How did you get there?

Спряжение глагола to be

Present Simple

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I am	Am I?	I am not
He, she, it is	Is he, she, it?	He, she, it is not/ isn’t
We, you, they are	Are we, you, they?	We, you, they are not/ aren’t

Past Simple

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I, he, she, it was	Was I, he, she, it?	I, he, she, it was not/wasn’t
We, you, they were	Were you, they, we?	We, you, they were not/ weren’t

 

Future Simple

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I, we shall be	Shall I, we be?	I, we shall not/shan’t be
You, we, they will be	Will you, we, they be?	You, we, they will not/ won’t be

Глагол to have

Present Simple

Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма	Вопросительная форма
I, you, we, they have/ have got	I, you, we, they don’t have/haven’t got	Do I, we, you, they have? Have I, you, we, they got/
He, she, it has/ has got	He, she, it doesn’t have/ hasn’t got	Does he, she, it have? Has she, he, it got?

 

Past Simple

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I, you, he, she, it, we, they had	Did I, you, he, she, it, we, they have?	I, you, he, she, it, we, they didn’t have

 

Future Simple

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I, we shall have	Shall I, we have?	I, we shall not/ shan’t have
You, she, he, they will have	Will you he, she, they have?	You, she, he, they will not/ won’t have

 

Повелительное наклонение

Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма
Close the door, please! – Закройте дверь, пожалуйста! Open the window, please! – Откройте окно, пожалуйста!	Don’t close the door, please! – Не закрывайте дверь, пожалуйста! Don’t open the window, please!- Не открывайте окно, пожалуйста!

Оборот There is/are

Время	Утвердит . форма	Вопросит . форма	Отрицательн . форма
Настоящее/Present	There is a lamp on the table There are some books on the table	Is there a lamp on the table? Are there any books on the table?	There is no/there isn’t any lamp on the table There are no/ there aren’t any books on the table
Прошедшее/ Past	There was much bread in the fridge There were many books on the table	Was there much bread in the fridge? Were there many books on the table?	There was no/wasn’t any bread in the fridge There were no/weren’t any books on the table
Будущее/ Future	There will be much snow tomorrow There will be many new houses next year	Will there be much snow tomorrow? Will there be many new houses next year?	There will be no/won’t be any snow tomorrow There will be no/won’t be any new houses next year

Simple Tenses

Present Simple Tense

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I work	Do I work?	I don’t wok
He, she, it works	Does he, she, it work?	He, she, it doesn’t work
We work	Do we work?	We don’t work
They work	Do they work?	They don’t work

 

Сводка случаев употребления Present Simple(Indefinite)

 

1. Действие обычное, постоянное, свойственное подлежащему	I get up at 8 o’clock	Я встаю в 8 часов
2. Действие, происходящее в момент речи, с глаголами не употребляющимися в Present Continuous. (to be, to know, to understand, to think, to want, to like, to see, to hear, to have…)	I don’t understand it I see a ship in the distance	Я этого не понимаю Я вижу судно вдали
3. Будущее действие в придаточных предложениях условия и времени, которые вводятся союзами if , when , as soon as , before , after , till , until	If he comes, I shall ask him about it. I shall go to bed when I finish my work.	Если он придет, я спрошу его об этом. Я лягу спать, когда закончу свою работу.
4. Общеизвестные истины	The sun rises in the east and sets in the west	Солнце встает на востоке и садится на западе
5. Для выражения действия в будущем (как и настоящее время в русском языке), когда речь идет о заранее намеченном действии ( транспорт, концерт, курсы и т.п.)	The train leaves at 10 o’clock When does the film start?	Поезд отходит в 10 часов Когда начинается фильм?

 

Past Simple Tense

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I worked/saw	Did I work/see?	I didn’t work/see
He, she, it worked/saw	Did she, he it work/see?	He, she it didn’t work/see
We worked/saw	Did we work/see?	He, she, it didn’t work/see
You worked/saw	Did you work/see?	You didn’t work/see
They worked/saw	Did they work/see?	They didn’t work/see

Сводка случаев употребления Past Simple

1. Действие, совершившееся в истекшем отрезке времени	I met him yesterday/ last week	Я встретил его вчера/ на прошлой неделе
2. Последовательные действия в прошлом	He left the hotel, took a taxi and drove to the station	Он вышел из гостиницы, взял такси и поехал на вокзал
3. Обычное, повторявшееся действие в прошлом	Last year I went to the theatre every week	В прошлом году я ходил в театр каждую неделю
4.Действия явно происходило в прошлом	Mozart wrote more than 6000 pieces of music	Моцарт написал более 600 произведений
5.После оборота It’s (a long time…) since…	It’s two years since I last saw Joe	Прошло два года с тех пор, когда я видел Джо последний раз

 

Future Simple Tense

 

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I shall work	Shall I work?	I shall not/shan’t work
He, she, it will work	Will she, he, it work?	He, she, it will not/ won’t work
We shall work	Shall we work?	We shall not/shan’t work
You will work	Will you work?	You will not/won’t work
They will work	Will they work?	They will not/won’t work

 

Сводка случаев употребления Future Simple

1. Спонтанное решение в момент речи	Oh, I have left the door open – I’ll go and shut it	Я оставила дверь открытой – Я пойду и закрою её
2. Говорящий высказывает свое мнение	I think/am sure/expect he will come home late	Я думаю/уверен/ожидаю, что он придет домой поздно
3. Говорящий ожидает распоряжений	Shall I read? Shall we come at 9?	Мне читать? Нам приходить в 9?
4. Вежливая просьба	Will you close the door, please?	Закройте дверь, пожалуйста

CONTINUOUS TENSES

Выражает действие, протекающее (длящееся) в момент речи или в период настоящего времени, в какой-либо момент (период) прошедшего времени или будущего времени.

Утвердительная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующей форме и Participle I смыслового глагола.

I am writing a letter now.

Я пишу письмо сейчас.

He was working in the garden at that moment.

В тот момент он работал в саду.

I shall be reading at seven o’clock tomorrow.

Завтра в семь часов я буду читать.

Present Continuous Tense

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I am reading	Am I reading?	I am not reading
He is reading	Is he reading?	He is not reading
She is reading	Is she reading?	She is not reading
We are reading	Are we reading?	We are not reading
You are reading	Are you reading?	You are not reading
They are reading	Are they reading?	They are not reading

 

Past Continuous Tense

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I was reading	Was I reading?	I was not reading
He was reading	Was he reading?	He was not reading
She was reading	Was she reading?	She was not reading
We were reading	Were we reading?	We were not reading
You were reading	Were you reading?	You were not reading
They were reading	Were they reading?	They were not reading

Future Continuous Tense

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Вопросительная форма
I shall be reading	Shall I be reading?	I shall not be reading
He will be reading	Will he be reading?	He will not be reading
She will be reading	Will she be reading?	She will not be reading
We shall be reading	Shall we be reading?	We shall not be reading
You will be reading	Will you be reading?	You will not be reading
They will be reading	Will they be reading?	They will not be reading

PERFECT TENSES

Основное ее значение – это выражение связи прошедшего действия с настоящим временем или предшествования действия какому-либо моменту или периоду прошедшего или будущего времени.

Утвердительная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола have в настоящем или прошедшем времени и Participle II смыслового глагола.

He has broken the cup.

Он разбил чашку.

I had received a telegram before he came.

Я получил телеграмму до того, как он пришел.

You will have translated the article by seven o’clock.

Ты переведешь эту статью к семи часам.

Это временная форма обычно выражает наличие какого-либо результата действия, который может наблюдаться в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени.

I have already bought a new pen.

Я уже купил новую ручку. (К настоящему моменту она у меня есть)

 

Present Perfect Tense

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I have seen	Have I seen?	I have not seen
He has seen	Has he seen?	He has not seen
She has seen	Has she seen?	She has not seen
We have seen	Have we seen?	We have not seen
You have seen	Have you seen?	You have not seen
They have seen	Have they seen?	They have not seen

Past Perfect Tense

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I had written	Had I written?	I had not written
He had written	Had he written?	He had not written
She had written	Had she written?	She had not written
We had written	Had we written?	We had not written
You had written	Had you written?	You had not written
They had written	Had they written?	They had not written

 

Future Perfect Tense

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I shall have read	Shall I have read?	I shall not have read
He will have read	Will he have read?	He will not have read
She will have read	Will she have read?	She will not have read
We shall have read	Shall we have read?	We shall not have read
You will have read	Will you have read?	You will not have read
They will have read	Will they have read?	They will not have read

ПРИЧАСТИЕ (THE PARTICIPLE)

Причастие относится к неличным формам глагола и обладает признаками как прилагательного (иногда наречия), так и глагола. Глагольными признаками причастия являются его способность иметь прямое дополнение, определяться наречием и иметь формы времени и залога. Но время, выраженное причастием носит относительный характер, т. е. соотносится с действием глагола-сказуемого предложения и выражает либо одновременность, либо предшествование этому действию.

Причастия в английском языке подразделяются на причастие I (Participle I) и причастие II (Participle II).

ФОРМЫ ПРИЧАСТИЯ

ЗАЛОГ (VOICE) PARTICIPLE I PARTICIPLE I PERFECT PARTICIPLE II ACTIVE asking having asked

asked

PASSIVE being asked having been asked

 

ПРИЧАСТИЕ I (PARTICIPLE I)

Причастие I образуется путем прибавления суффикса -ing к основе глагола: working работающий, работая.

ОРФОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ПРИ ПРИБАВЛЕНИИ —ING
№ п/п	ПРАВИЛО		ПРИМЕР
1	Конечная нечитаемая буква -e отбрасывается		to take брать - taking
2	Однако читаемая конечная -е не отбрасывается		to see видеть - seeing to be быть - being
3	Сочетание букв -ie стягивается в букву y		to lie лежать - lying
4	Конечная -y при прибавлении -ing всегда сохраняется		to copy копировать - copying
5	Если последний слог краткий и стоит под ударением, а слово оканчивается на одну согласную, то эта согласная перед -ing удваивается		to sit сидеть - sitting to commit совершать - committing
6	Если же последний слог не ударный, то удвоения конечной согласной не происходит		to differ различаться - differing to limit ограничивать - limiting
ГЕРУНДИЙ (THE GERUND) Герундий имеет черты общие с глаголом и существительным.   Active Passive Indefinite Gerund giving being given Perfect Gerund having given having been given Как и глагол, он имеет формы времени и залога, может иметь прямое дополнение и определяться наречием. Как и существительное, герундий в предложении бывает подлежащим, частью составного сказуемого, дополнением, может иметь определение. Как и причастие, герундий может быть в предложении определением и различными обстоятельствами, но в этих функциях он употребляется с предлогом. Reading is useful. Чтение полезно. The boy likes playing chess. Мальчик любит играть в шахматы. I object to your translating this book. Я возражаю против того, чтобы ты переводил эту книгу. On seeing her mother the girl ran to meet her. Увидев мать, девочка побежала встретить ее. He translated this article without consulting the dictionary. Он перевел статью, не обращаясь к словарю. Инфинитив (The Infinitive) Инфинитив (неопределенная форма глагола) представляет собой неличную глагольную форму, которая только называет действие, не указывая ни лица, ни числа. Инфинитив отвечает на вопросы что делать? что сделать?: to read - читать, прочесть; to write - писать, написать; to buy - покупать, купить; to sell - продавать, продать. Инфинитив не имеет специального окончания; формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to, которая не имеет самостоятельного значения и не принимает ударения, но показывает, что следующее за ней слово - инфинитив. Однако она часто опускается. Так, частица to не ставится перед инфинитивом, если он употреблен после модальных глаголов или глаголов чувственного восприятия в составе конструкции сложное дополнение. Инфинитив произошел от отглагольного существительного и сохранил свойства этой части речи, выполняя в предложении, как и инфинитив в русском языке, синтаксические функции существительного. Именные свойства инфинитива заключаются в его функциях. Таблица перевода предложений, содержащих Complex subject …was said to… говорили , что …was heard to… слышали, что …was known to… было известно, что …was seen to… видели , что …was thought to… думали , что …was found to… обнаружили , что …was reported to… сообщали , что …was supposed to… предполагали , что …was expected to… ожидали , что …was believed to… полагали , что …was considered to… считали , что …was announced to… объявили, что   He is said to know six languages. Говорят, что он знает шесть языков. He was said to know six languages. Говорили, что он знает шесть языков. He is said to have gone to London. Говорят, что он уехал в Лондон. He was said to have gone to London. Говорили, что он уехал в Лондон.   СЛОЖНОЕ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ Конструкция сложное подлежащее (субъектный инфинитивный оборот, Complex Subject, The Subjective Infinitive Construction, The Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction) представляет собой сочетание существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в именительном падеже, выполняющего в предложении функцию подлежащего, с инфинитивом. Эта конструкция строится по следующей схеме: ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ (существительное в общем или местоимение в именительном падеже) СКАЗУЕМОЕ (обычно глагол в страдательном залоге)   ИНФИНИТИВ He Он, is known как известно, to go to work to Siberia. поедет работать в Сибирь. Особенность этой конструкции - в том, что она не выступает как единый член предложения: именная часть конструкции является в то же время подлежащим предложения, а инфинитив представляет собой часть составного глагольного сказуемого.   СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ КОНСТРУКЦИИ «СЛОЖНОЕ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ» № п/п СЛУЧАЙ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ПРИМЕР 1 С глаголами чувственного восприятия Bob was heard to laugh heartily. Было слышно, как Боб смеялся от всего сердца. 2 С глаголами, обозначающими умственную деятельность Philip was known to be a young man without money. Знали, что Филипп был молодым человеком без денег. 3 С глаголом to make - заставлять Little Bob was made to put on some warm clothes. Маленького Боба заставили надеть теплую одежду. 4 С глаголами в значении сообщения: to say, to report, to state - утверждать He is said to have gone to work to Siberia. Говорят, что он уехал работать в Сибирь. 5 В действительном залоге с глаголами to seem - казаться(по-видимому), to happen – случаться (случается), to prove –доказывать (оказывается, оказалось), to be likely вероятно, to be unlikely -вряд ли, to be sure, to be certain - быть уверенным (наверняка), to turn out –оказываться (оказалось) They are unlikely to come in time. - Они вряд ли придут вовремя. The work proved to be useful. - Работа оказалась полезной. They seemed to have forgotten him. - Они, казалось, забыли его.   КОНСТРУКЦИЯ FOR-TO-INFINITIVE Данная конструкция (инфинитивный оборот с предлогом for, the For-to-Infinitive Construction, оборот for + существительное (местоимение) + инфинитив) представляет собой сочетание существительного в общем падеже или личного местоимения в объектном падеже с инфинитивом при помощи предлога for: FOR СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ (в общем падеже) или ЛИЧНОЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЕ (в объектном падеже) ИНФИНИТИВ Here is the book for you to read. Вот книга, которую вам надо прочитать. При переводе существительное или местоимение такой конструкции становится подлежащим, а инфинитив - сказуемым. Инфинитив при этом может употребляться как в действительном, так и в страдательном залоге. Конструкцию можно переводить: 1) инфинитивом, 2) существительным, 3) придаточным предложением. ФУНКЦИИ КОНСТРУКЦИИ В ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ № п/п ФУНКЦИЯ ПРИМЕР 1 Подлежащее (часто с вводным it) It is shame for me to ask. Для меня просить - стыдно. 2 Сказуемое The instruction is for the engineers to follow. Инструкция предназначена для того, чтобы инженеры ее выполняли. 3 Дополнение He waited for her to speak. Он ждал, когда она заговорит. 4 Определение The best thing for you to do is to obey. Лучшее, что вам следует сделать, - подчиниться. 5 Обстоятельство цели He stepped aside for me to pass. Он отошел в сторону, чтобы я смог пройти. 6 Обстоятельство результата He spoke loud enough for you to hear. Он говорил достаточно громко, чтобы вы могли слышать. Формы пассивного залога.   Indefinite Continuous Perfect Present 1 am invited I am being I have been invited     invited   Past I was invited I was being invited I had been invited Future 1 shall be   I shall have been   invited   invited   В страдательном залоге имеются только два времени группы Continuous: Present Continuous и Past Continuous; форма Future Continuous отсутствует. В страдательном залоге отсутствуют также времена группы Perfect Continuous. При образовании вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Am I invited? Если вспомогательный глагол употребляется в сложной форме (have been, shall have been и т. д.), то только первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подле­жащим: Have I been invited? Shall I have been invited? При образовании отрицательной формы частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола: I am not invited. Если вспомогательный глагол употреблен в сложной форме (have been, shall have been и т. д.), то частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола: I have not been invited, I shall not have been invited. А) Придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени. Они вводятся союзами when, as soon as, until(till), before, after, as, while, since. Отличительной чертой английских придаточных времени по сравнению с русским является то, что глагол-сказуемое в этих предложениях употребляется со значением будущего в форме настоящего времени (Present Simple or Present Perfect). Ring me up when you are free. Позвони мне, когда будешь свободен. I’ll give you the book after Jane has read it. Я дам тебе книгу, когда Женя ее прочтет. Come back as soon as you can. Возвращайся, как можно быстрее. Б)Придаточные обстоятельственные предложения условия. Они выражают условие совершения действия. Обычно вводятся союзом if, а также союзами unless, on condition (that), suppose (that).  В условных предложениях со значением будущего используется настоящее время. What shall we do if it rains? Что мы будем делать, если пойдет дождь? If I see him tomorrow, I’ll tell him about your request. Если я увижу его завтра, я скажу ему о твоей просьбе. Реальная ситуация 1. Будущее время (Future) - Речь идет о реальной ситуации в будущем по схеме: если… то… If I have the money, I will buy a new car. — Если у меня будут деньги, то я куплю новую машину. Реальная (вполне возможная) ситуация: ведь деньги можно заработать, и говорящий в это искренне верит. Потому что если бы не верил, что сформулировал бы фразу совсем иначе. В русском языке соответствует конструкции без использования частицы «бы». В английской конструкции, несмотря на будущее время, в части предложения, содержащей if, вспомогательный глагол будущего времени НЕ СТАВИТСЯ! В этом отличие от русской конструкции (если у меня будут деньги…) Привычные действия Привычные, повторяющиеся действия. В обеих частях предложения (и в основной, и в придаточной) используется настоящее время (Present Indefinite). Dmitriy usually rides a bicycle to a shop if he has enough time. — Дмитрий обычно едет в магазин на велосипеде, если у него достаточно времени. Привычная (ежедневная) ситуация, тоже реальная. Описывается настоящим временем. Команда (приказ) Please e-mail me if you have a new fun picture. — Пожалуйста, напиши мне по электронной почте, если найдешь новую прикольную картинку. Реальная ситуация. Еще раз обратите внимание, что в части предложения с if (if you have a new fun picture) нет вспомогательного глагола будущего времени. Нереальная ситуация Прошедшее время (Past Time) If I had known that you were there, I would have written you a letter. — Если бы я знал, что вы там были, я бы написал вам письмо. Эта конструкция описывает нереальную ситуацию в прошлом, а не сейчас. «Если бы я знал» когда-то раньше, в прошлом, а не сейчас. Примечание - Нереальная ситуация для прошлого возможна также без использования if. Had I known that you were there, I would have written you a letter. — Знай я, что вы там были, я бы написал вам письмо. Условные предложения в английском языке бывают четырех типов: Type 0, Type 1, Type 2, Type 3. Type 0 Conditionals (general truth) Условные предложения данного типа описывают законы природы, общие истины, общеизвестные факты. if-clause main clause Present Simple go Present simple do If it rains, the roads get slippery and dangerous. - Когда идёт дождь, дороги становятся скользкими и опасными. - общеизвестный факт Type 1 Conditionals (real present) Условные предложения данного типа выражают реальные или очень имоверные, возможные ситуации в настоящем или будущем. if-clause main clause Present Simple        go Present Continuous is going Future Simple   will do modal verb+ bare infinitive   can do imperative        do If we work hard, we’ll finish the project on time. Если мы будем хорошо работать, мы вовремя закончим проект.- возможная ситуация Type 2 Conditionals (unreal present) Условные предложения данного типа выражают воображаемые ситуации, которые противоречат реальности и то, что они произойдут в настоящем или будущем маловероятно. if-clause main clause Present Subjunctive II  went Present Conditional mood     would do If I won the money, I would buy a new car. - Если бы я выиграл деньги, я бы купил новый автомобиль.- нереальная ситуация Type 3 Conditionals (unreal past)   Условные предложения данного типа выражают воображаемые ситуации, относящиеся к прошлому. if-clause main clause Past Subjunctive II had gone Past Conditional mood     would have done If I had been more careful, I wouldn ’ t have made such a big mistake. - Если бы я тогда был более внимательным, я бы не сделал такую огромную ошибку.- нереальная ситуация в прошлом. Mixed Conditionals (Смешанный тип) Иногда встречаются предложения смешанного типа, как правило, в таких предложениях используются Type 2 и Type 3 Conditionals. If you were more polite, you wouldn ’ t have spoken to your boss like that. - Если бы ты был более вежлив (всегда), ты бы не разговаривал так со своим начальником (тогда). В этом случае придаточное предложение относится к настоящему, описывает характерную черту человека, а главное предложение относится к прошлому, описывает ситуацию, которая уже произошла. If she had not missed the bus she would be here now. - Если бы она не опоздала на автобус (тогда), она была бы здесь сейчас. В этом случае придаточное относится к прошлому, а главное предложение к настоящему. Предложения с I wish. Здесь же стоит рассмотреть английские речевые конструкции, используемые для того, чтобы выразить желание или сожаление по поводу наступления события, поскольку они имеют много общего с условными предложениями. Для этого можно использовать выражения со словом wish, причём: 1. Если речь идёт о настоящем времени, то само событие имеет форму Past Simple. Здесь также используется were, а не was. I wish you were here. - Хотелось бы, чтобы ты был здесь. 2. Если мы желаем, чтобы что-то произошло в будущем, то перед глаголом, обозначающем это событие, ставится слово would. I wish it would stop raining. - Хотелось бы, чтобы дождь прекратился. 3. Если мы сожалеем о том, что нечто не произошло, то используется прошедшее завершённое время. I wish I had studied foreign language. - Надо было изучать иностранные языки.   ФАКУЛЬТЕТ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ И СОЦИАЛЬНО-ГУМАНИТАРНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ФЗО «ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК» (Английский язык) Направление подготовки: все направления подготовки Профиль: нет Квалификация (степень) выпускника: бакалавр Форма обучения: заочная   Королев, 2016 Авторы: Демская Н. В., Кюрегян М. П., Ожерельева В. С., Федотова Т. В. Методические рекомендации для студентов ФЗО «Иностранный язык» (Английский язык) – Королев МО: «МГОТУ», 2016 – 118 с.   Рецензент: к.ф.н., профессор Красикова Т. И.   Данные учебные материалы предназначены для студентов заочного отделения, изучающих английский язык. Методические рекомендации ставят целью усвоение студентами определенного грамматического материала, развитие навыков письменного перевода текстов страноведческого характера и текстов по всем направлениям подготовки. Подбор текстов данных учебных материалов определяется требованиями федерального государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального образования (ФГОС ВО) по направлениям подготовки. Они носят информативный и познавательный характер, являясь выдержками из оригинальной научной литературы по профилям подготовки. Учебные материалы состоят из методических указаний и четырех контрольных заданий, каждое из которых содержит по пять вариантов, а также Грамматического справочника.   Методические рекомендации для студентов ФЗО рассмотрены и одобрены на заседании кафедры: Заведующий кафедрой (ФИО, ученая степень, звание, подпись) Красикова Т. И., к.филол.н., профессор         Год утверждения (переутверждения) 2016 2017 2018 2019 Номер и дата протокола заседания кафедры №7 от 01.02.2016       Методические рекомендации для студентов ФЗО рекомендованы на заседании УМС: Год утверждения (переутверждения) 2016 2017 2018 2019 Номер и дата протокола заседания УМС           Методические указания Настоящие методические рекомендации имеют целью помочь студенту в самостоятельной работе над развитием практических навыков чтения и перевода литературы по специальности на английском языке. Для того, чтобы добиться успеха, необходимо приступить к работе над языком с первых же дней занятий в вузе и заниматься языком систематически. Особенностью изучения иностранного языка в заочной системе обучения является то, что большая часть языкового материала должна прорабатываться самостоятельно. На аудиторные занятия отводится не менее 40 часов, на самостоятельную работу – 240 часов. Таким образом, каждому аудиторному занятию в 2 часа должно предшествовать не менее 6 часов самостоятельной работы. I. Работа над текстом Поскольку основной целевой установкой обучения является получение информации из иноязычного источника, особое внимание следует уделять чтению текстов. Понимание иностранного текста достигается при осуществлении двух видов чтения: 1) чтение с общим охватом содержания; 2) изучающего чтения. Понимание всех деталей текста не является обязательным. Читая текст, предназначенный для понимания общего содержания, необходимо, не обращаясь к словарю, понять основной смысл прочитанного. Чтение с охватом общего содержания складывается из следующих умений: а) догадываться о значении незнакомых слов на основе словообразовательных признаков и контекста; б) видеть интернациональные слова и устанавливать их значение; в) находить знакомые грамматические формы и конструкции и устанавливать их эквиваленты в русском языке; г) использовать имеющийся в тексте иллюстративный материал, схемы, формулы и т.д.; д) применять знания по специальным и общеэкономическим предметам в качестве основы смысловой и языковой догадки. Точное и полное понимание текста осуществляется путем изучающего чтения. Изучающее чтение предполагает умение самостоятельно проводить лексико-грамматический анализ, используя знания общеэкономических и специальных предметов. Итогом изучающего чтения является точный перевод текста на родной язык. Проводя этот вид работы, следует развивать навыки адекватного перевода текста (устного или письменного) с использованием отраслевых, терминологических словарей, словарей сокращений. При работе над текстом используйте указания, данные в разделах 1, 2, 3. II. Выполнение контрольных заданий и оформление контрольных работ 1. Количество контрольных заданий, выполняемых вами на каждом курсе, устанавливается учебным планом института. В письме кафедры иностранных языков института вы получите точный график выполнения контрольных работ. 2. Каждое контрольное задание в данном пособии предлагается в пяти вариантах. Студент должен выполнить один из пяти вариантов контрольных работ. 3. Структура контрольной работы должна состоять из следующих элементов: иметь титульный лист, основную часть, словарь. На обложке обязательно указываются фамилия, имя, отчество, номер контрольной работы, название университета, номер группы. При выполнении контрольной работы необходимы широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений и методических указаний преподавателя. 4. Объём контрольной работы – до 10 страниц формата А4, напечатанного с одной стороны текста (1,5 интервал, шрифт Times New Roman, поля широкие). Дата: 2019-02-02, просмотров: 308. 12345678910Следующая ⇒ Материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления пользователям Интернета и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав. © 2018 - 2024