| [Aa Bb Cc Dd Ее Ff |
| [ei] [bi:J [si:] [di:] M [ef] |
| Hh Ii Jj Kk LI |
Oo Pp
Qq Rr
Ss
Tt
Uu
| [eitj] [ai] [d3ei] [kei] [ei] |
| feu] [pi:] [kju:] [a:] [es] [ti:] Ы |
Vv [vi:]
Ww pdAbiju:]
Xx [eks]
Yy '[wai]
Zz [zed]
| Gg [d3i:] |
Mm [em] N11 [en]
|
Языка |
English Sounds • Звуки английского
Гласные: [ei], [зэ], [а:], [э], [i:J, [i], [е], [з:], [о:], [о], Ы Ы Ы [л], [ai], [ao], [oil, faoi, Ы, [еэ], [оэ].
Согласные: [b], [d], [f I, [д], ЙЫ fol И W И foil fn], [rj], [9], fd), [p], [r],
Успешному изучению иностранного языка помогает умение быстро и интенсивно работать со словарем. А для успешной работы с англо-русским словарем необходимо твердое знание последовательности расположения букв в английском алфавите. Выполняя приведенные ниже упражнения, проверьте свое знание английского алфавита. Сделайте выводы!
I. Rewrite the vowels and the consonants in the alphabetical order.
1. I, E,Y,A,0, U
2. F, B, H, J, M, L, D, G, К, С
3. P,Q,S,0,U,X,W,V
2. Rewrite the following combinations of letters in the alphabetical order, abo, arr, air, axi; bun, bol, bed, bar; fac, fir, fel, fas; ins, inc, imp, idl; pic, pet, pha, pho, pau; sea, sha, set, scr
3. What two letters follow the given letters?
I, ..., ..., H,... ,..., S,... , ... , K,...,... , Q, ..., ..., U, ...,...
4. Put down a) the first seven letters of alphabet; b) the last five letters.
Introductory Part_____________________________________ 11
Usage of a Dictionary • Рекомендации по использованию словаря
Слова в словаре даются в их исходной форме: для имени суще-i i нительного — общий падеж; для прилагательного и наречия — положительная степень (сравнения); для глагола — инфинитив (неопределенная форма).
Исходную форму слова мы устанавливаем, отбрасывая его грамматическое окончание. Это могут быть словоизменительные суффиксы -(e)s, -(e)r, -(e)st, -(e)d, -ing.
Как и русское, английское слово многозначно. В словарях обычно приводятся несколько значений слова. Иногда их количество весьма велико (см., к примеру, такие многозначные слова, как take, set, get, put). Наша задача - выбрать из данных значений то, которое соответствует контексту. Однако среди значений, данных в словаре, такового может и не быть! В этом случае надо самому найти нужное русское слово, осмыслив его значение в контексте. Если в словаре отсутствует производное слово, надо выбрать его корневую основу, отбросив суффиксы и приставки. К примеру, слово use-lessness имеет три компонента: корень use (польза), отрицательный суффикс прилагательного -less и суффикс существительного -ness, имеющий абстрактное значение. При переводе получаем существительное бесполезность, ненужность. Заметим, что значение отрицания в русском слове часто передается приставкой бес-.
Так же определим значение прилагательных unpredictable, un reliable. Отбросим приставку un- и суффикс -able. Находим в словаре значение основ: predict — предсказывать, rely on — полагаться на. Суффикс -able имеет значение способный к; могущий быть. Значения слов: непредвиденный и ненадежный.
Чтобы понять английское предложение, необходимо видеть его грамматическую структуру. А для этого следует научиться легко различать части речи, т.е. знать суффиксы, посредством которых они образуются.
Word Formation • Словообразование
SUFFIXES • СУФФИКСЫ Suffixes of Nouns • Суффиксы существительных
Признаком существительного является наличие в слове следующих суффиксов:
12
Introductory Pa
Introductory Part
13
 | |||||
 | |||||
 | |||||
Примеры |
| Суффиксы |
| Suffixes Признаком тих суффиксов: |
Перевод
| assemblage importance interference tendency assistant advocate user computer inventor compatibility activity assignment hardness conversion strength revolution multitude measure |
| -age(l) -ance -ence -ency -ant(2) -ate (2) -er(2) -er(2) -or (2) -ility -ity -ment (3) -ness -sion -th -tion -tude -ure |
собрание, монтаж
важность
помеха
тенденция
помощник
адвокат
| ' |
пользователь
компьютер
изобретатель
совместимость
деятельность
назначение
твердость
превращение
сила, прочность
оборот
множество
мера
(1) -age ср. с русс, каботаж, фруктам, саботаж;
(2) -ant, -ate, -er, -or - суффиксы, обозначающие лицо или предмет, производящие действия, выраженные корневым глаголом;
(3) -ment ср. с русс, монумент, документ, комплимент;
(4) -tude ср. с русс, амплитуда, простуда.
Suffixes of Vferbs • Суффиксы глаголов
Признаком глагола является наличие следующих суффиксов:
| Примеры |
г--------------------------------------- \------------ =—'■--------------------------------- —
| Перевод |
| simplify realize propagate |
Суффиксы
| -fy -ize -ate |
упрощать
осуществлять
распространять
5. Underline the stems in the following words.
engineer, ability, reinforcement, nailer, passage, movement, storage, carrier, compactness, creativity, development, excavator, drainage, width, builder, multitude, inventiveness
6. Which of the given words are nouns or verbs? Why? Translate the words,
produce, usage, heater, widen, electrify, producer, pollute, pollution, ener
gize, constructability, depth, excavate, builder, minimize, durability, simplify
of Adjectives • Суффиксы прилагательных
прилагательного служит наличие в слове следую-
| Суффиксы |
| Примеры central compatible variable important different necessary useful useless electrical glorious continuous forward cloudy |
Перевод
| -al -ible(l) -able(l) -ant -ent -ary -fill (2) -less (2) -ical -ious (3) -ous -ward -У |
центральный
совместимый
изменяющийся, переменный
важный
различный
необходимый
полезный
бесполезный
электрический
славный
продолженный
передовой
облачный, непрозрачный
(1) суф. -able указывает на возможность действия, выраженного
корневой основой прилагательного. Ср. с русс, комфортабель
ный (дающий комфорт), транспортабельный (способный быть
передвинутым);
(2) суф. -fill передает наличие качества, выраженного в корне сло
ва, -less - его отсутствие.
(3) суф. -ous ср. с русс, курьезный, серьезный.
Suffixes of Adverbs • Суффиксы наречий
Наречие можно узнать по следующим суффиксам:
| Перевод |
| Примеры |
Суффиксы
| -ly -wards -wise |
| widely forwards clockwise |
широко
вперед
по направлению часовой
стрелки
7. Which of the given words are adjectives or adverbs? Why? Translate the words.
buildable, equally, watery, carelessly, numerous, noisily, waterless, naturally, relatively, northward, dangerous, environmental, available
14
~--------------------- _____ Introductory Ран
8. Distribute the words into four columns. Thinsla te tbe words.
Model: What? use, usage
What kind of? useful
What to do? use fjurzj
How? usefully
fire, add, additional, addition, equal, noisy, equalize, equality, differ, difference, differently, number, numberless, supply, noise, noisily, buildabil-ity, protection, protect
9. How many parts does each word consist of? What are the stems? Translate the words and their stems.
buildable, possibility, structural, strengthen, delamination, externally, popularity
10. Form nouns by adding the suffixes -er, -or.
to cool, to pollute, to operate, to act, to combine, to use, to inspect, to construct, to own, to compute
11. R>rm the corresponding adverbs. Translate the words,
relative, common, easy, extreme, necessary, sufficient, strong, wide, clock
12. Choose the proper suffixes and add them to the stems given below: a) form nouns
stems: install-, moist-, replace-, require-, use-, durable-, product-,
equip-, work-, buildable-suffixes: -ability, -ment, -(a)tion, -ure, -age b) form adjectives
stems: nail, metal, disadvantage, control, resist, danger, base, structure,
differ, depend suffixes: -ous, -able, -ent, -ic, -al
13. Translate the following sentences in writing. Use a dictionary.
1. Moisture is one of the main causes ofcracking the fibre strengthening system.
2. Plastic construction materials belong to relatively new insulating materials.
3. Polythene coverings have numerous advantages.
4. Wrongly concepted, nearly all designs proved quite useless.
PREFIXES • ПРИСТАВКИ
К числу широко употребительных относятся следующие приставки:
Introductory Part
| Примеры | При- | Значение | Перевод |
| ставки | пристаете | ||
| abnormal | ab- | удаление из (от) | ненормальный, аварийный |
| antibody | anti- | против | антитело |
| autoload | auto- | само-; авто- | автозагрузка |
| binary | bi- | два | двоичный |
| coroutine | co- | с, вместе | сопрограмма |
| counteract | counter- | против | противодействовать |
| contradict | contra- | против | противоречить |
| decompose | de- | обратное действие | разлагать |
| disable | dis- | отрицание | заблокировать, отключать |
| enable | en- | приведение в ка-кое-л. состояние (прилагательное обращается в глагол) | делать годным |
| external; | ex- | внешний, быв- | внешний; экс- |
| ex-president | ший | президент | |
| extraordinary | extra- | сверх, вне | экстраординарный, необыкновенный |
| illegal | il- | отрицание не | незаконный |
| impossible; | im- | не, внутрь | невозможный, |
| imbedded | вделанный | ||
| indirect; inclose | in- | в, внутрь; не, в, | косвенный, не |
| внутрь | прямой; включать | ||
| international | inter- | среди, между | международный |
| irregular | ir- | не- | неравномерный |
| misuse | mis- | неправильно, | неправильно ис- |
| плохо | пользовать | ||
| multiple | multi- | много | множественный |
| overload | over- | сверх-, пере- | перегрузить |
| precondition | pre- | до, перед- | предусловие |
| rebuild | re- | снова, пере- | перестроить |
| semicircle | semi- | полу- | полукруг |
| submarine | sub- | под-, ниже- | подводный |
| supercomputer | super- | сверх- | супер-ЭВМ |
| transfer | trans- | пере-, через | пересылка, передача |
| unsteady | un- | не- | неустойчивый |
| underpay | under- | недо- | недоплачивать |
 | |||
 | |||
17 |
16
Introductory Part
14. Translate into Russian the following a) words and b) combinations. Mind the prefixes.
a) disadjust, interaction, outside, displaceable, discontinue, overbuild, over
load, preselect, depression, displacement, overproduction, reactivate,
remove, reconstruction, unequal, unfinished, deprivatisation
b) cooperative movement; disarranged details; discontinuous load; inter
changeable parts; overburned material; preheated air; underfired clay;
unstressed and prestressed plates; undamaged coverings; underestimated
difficulties, unrealistic and unattainable project; precracking cpndition
15. Read the following words. What are their prefixes, stems, suffixes? nailable, workability, irregular, inequality, supercharge, available, underproduction, interrelation, unbuildable, typically, environment, existence, airless, workmanship, various, unsuitable, owner, redesign, accountability, oversimplification, mechanize, devalvation
Умение «с первого взгляда» понять, какой частью речи является слово, помогает в определении членов предложения — подлежащего, сказуемого, дополнения, обстоятельства. Это умение также помогает выявить в словосочетании основное слово. По составу различают: 1) простые слова, 2) производные и 3) сложные.
1. Простые слова состоят из одного корня, например: use — поль за, name — название, room — пространство, помещение, комна та, only — только.
2. В производных словах, помимо корня, имеются суффиксы и/ или приставки: useful — полезный, unsuccessful — безуспешный, variable — переменный.
3. В составе сложных слов могут быть два и более корня: airplane, stairway, place-in-situ. Отметим, что в языке строительства сложные слова весьма распространены!
16. Translate into Russian the following words. Use a dictionary if necessary.
pre-design, highway, simple-shaped, waterless, mixture, limestone, Internet, workable, place, know-how, townhouse, lightweight, subsoil, supercooling, homeowners, reuse, preconstruction, displace
CONVERSION • КОНВЕРСИЯ
В отличие от русского языка, в английском языке одно и то же слово может выступать в предложении в качестве разных частей речи. Так, в данных ниже предложениях слово water является существительным (1), глаголом (2), играет роль прилагательного (определения) (3), является частью сложного слова (4).
iniioductory Part
1. V\&ter is necessary for life. — Вода необходима для жизни.
2. Water the flower-bed, please. — Полей(те), пожалуйста, клумбу.
3. Water mills served a source of energy. - Водяные мельницы служили источником энергии.
4. water-supply system - система водоснабжения water-proof watch - водонепроницаемые часы
Значения подобных слов и их перевод на русский язык зависят оттого, каким членом предложения они являются. Они могут быть подлежащим, сказуемым (или его частью), определением, обстоятельством. Функцию слова помогает определить твердый порядок слов в английском предложении и контекст.
17. Look up the meanings of the words in a dictionary if necessary. How are they translated in the sentences below? Mind the word order.
1. Concrete was combined with steel in order to prevent damage by fire.
2. The highway was badly damaged by the storm.
3. The house is heated by steam power.
4. This crane houses a 10-ton load.
5. "Water only this part of the floor, please."
6. "Name the places of the future construction, please."
7. In what way should these figures be positioned?
8. What is the position of these data in the text?
9. The device should be re-fuelled with light fuel.
10. The light went out in the whole house.
11. The instrument is foot-controlled by a pedal.
12. The amount of power used in the world in a year amounts to 12,000 million tons of equivalent fuel.
13. The new engine will have a great number of uses.
14. After the metal was heated it changed its colour to a red heat.
15. The fuel-and-energy balance is important for both heavy and light industry.
|
|
| 6 six [siks] 7 seven ['sevnl 8 eight [eit] 9 nine [nam] |
NUMERALS • ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ
 | |||
 | |||
If |
| I, П eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty |
Introductory Par
| [rtevn] ftwelvj Гвз:ип] fb:'ti:nj tWttnj f'siks'ti.nj f'sevn'ti:nj f'ei'ti.n] fnam'tirn] f'twentij |
| 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 hundred 1000 thousand |
Гез.-tj]
i'h:ti]
f'fiftij
f'srksti]
f'sevnti]
f'erfij
f'namtij
['fundrad]
['@auz8ndj
27 twenty-seven 51 fifty-one
118 one hundred and eighteen 365 three hundred and sixty-five 1,674 one thousand six hundred and seventy-four 5,803 five thousand eight hundred and three 75,000 seventy-five thousand
18. Read the article out loud. Translate it using a dictionary.
Moscow University
Construction of the new University complex was begun in 1949, and the first students entered the new auditoriums of the Science Palace on September 1, 1953. The University grounds occupy 415 acres. The main building is 780 ft high. The 27 blocks and 10 buildings of the University complex contain'over a thousand excellently equipped laboratories, 148 auditoriums, museums, club premises with а щйшшя»™-— hall seating 800, an assembly hall for 1,500, a fundamental library of 1,500,000 volumes, reading rooms, hostels and flats for students and instructors; To look in at all auditoriums and laboratories of the Science Palace one would have to walk 145 kilometres, and a visit to its 45,000 premises would take a month. The splendid complex was designed by architects L. Rudnev, S. Chernyshov, P. Abrosimov
and A. Khryakov, and built under the direc- „,
tion of engineer V. Nasonov. Fig. 1. Moscow University
Introductory Part
SIMPLE AND DECIMAL FRACTIONS • ПРОСТЫЕ И ДЕСЯТИЧНЫЕ ДРОБИ
В простых дробях числитель выражается количественным числительным, а знаменатель — порядковым. Если числитель больше единицы, то знаменатель имеет окончание -s: two fifths — две пятых. В смешанном числе целое число читается как количественные числительные, а дробь присоединяется при помощи союза and: five and two fifths — пять и две пятых.
В десятичных дробях нуль произносится zero или о, за ним следует слово point {точка) и затем дробь: о point five ноль целых и пять десятых. Между целым числом и десятичной дробью в английском языке ставится точка, а не запятая как в русском языке!
19. Read the following numerals out loud.
200.22 ft 55 miles (90 km) 320,000 miles (515,000 km)
40,000 volts 220,000-volt line 3 million miles
75 miles (120 km) 75.45 million m3 4.8 million km
132,000-volt line 345,000 volts 5.05 in
20. Read the extract out loud. Translate the extract using a dictionary.
The project, which is expected to cost more than $200 million to complete, iriciudes excavation of more than 35 million cii yd {26.8 million m3) of material in cuts as deep as 600 ft (183 m), more than 100,000 ft (30,480 m) of drainage pipe, "and 200 ft (61 m) tall embankment fills. Engineers must dispose of more than 8 million cu yd (6.1 million m3) of waste material.
The larger part of the route involves more than 25 million cu yd (19.1 million m3) of excavated material, approximately 79,000 lineat ft (24,080 m) of drainage pipe, 470 ft (143 m) deep cuts through mountains, and 200 ft (61 m) high embankment fills.
Note: m3 - to the third power
21. Read the following examples.
75; 1V4; 7507g 5.2 million m3 25,075 in 95.1 m
100.75 thousand m2 '/4; 45%; 1055/6 634.003 6,000 ft
"INTERNATIONAL" WORDS • «МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ» СЛОВА
При встрече с новым (или кажущимся таковым) словом не следует сразу пользоваться словарем. В современных отраслевых языках встречается много слов, совпадающих по написанию с соответствую-
2'
20 Introductory Part
щими русскими словами. Например: meeting—митинг, to inform — со общать, program — программа, basis — основа и т.п. При этом, однако, надо иметь в виду, что есть слова, которые требуют иного перевода и не соответствуют по значению русскому слову. Например: problem — задача, limit — граница, engineer — может означать техник, механик, слесарь и др., industry — трудолюбие и т.д.
Имеются и слова, которые можно понять без словаря, хотя в русский язык они перешли лишь в одном из присущих им значений. К примеру, revolution имеет такие значения, как круговое вращение, пол ный оборот, смена времен года. В русском же языке это Слово употребляется лишь в значении коренной перелом, революция. Слово экспансия в русском означает захват чужих территорий. В английском же оно означает увеличение, расширение, expansion of construction —расширение строительства (а не его захват!). К числу подобных слов относятся a flair, occupation, reduction и множество других. Переводу таких слов может помочь контекст и их окружение; так, master segment означает глав ный сегмент; commercial application—коммерческое применение (а не при ложение). О значении некоторых слов можно догадаться, сопоставив их с подобными, в какой-то их части, русскими словами. Так, глагол to consist ofсостоять из сопоставим со словом консистенция, equal равный со словом эквивалент, to provide обеспечивать—со словом провизия, qual ity качество—со словом квалификация. Известно, что словарная статья дает обычно ряд значений одного слова. Но не всегда среди них имеется нужный вариант! Например, в сочетании product development слово development надо перевести как выпуск, а все выражение как выпуск про дукции (а т развитие).
Рекомендуем выработать в себе привычку догадки о значении слова по составляющим его частям. Укажем также на необходимость работать с международными словами, в частности, над их произношением: cycle f'saikl] - цикл, mastic ['maestikj - мастика и т.п.
Следует иметь в виду, что в современной литературе по разным отраслям строительства международная лексика представлена чрезвычайно широко.
22. Try to translate into Russian the words given below.
container, automatize, efficiency, percent, variation, original, compression, modification, calculate, matter, manufacture, multiple, reason, temperature, mixture, components, logical, historical, pressure, critically, equally, operate, examine, contain, sum, representation, contractor, manufacturer, recommend, finally, basis
Unit One
11mi One. Why Do People Build?
23
 |
to use [j'u.z] — использовать use [ju:s] - использование indoors adv. — в помещении outdoors adv. — на воздухе, на улице because con/. — так как because of prep. — из-за in order to - для того чтобы both ... and - как... так и |
WHY DO PEOPLE BUILD?
Parti
Master the key terms and head words.
accommodation - приспособление
air [еэ] - воздух
shelter - убежище
site — участок, место
waste — отбросы
to build — строить
to dispose - избавляться от
to provide - обеспечивать
to take place - иметь место
pre- pre/. - до, заранее
preheating - предварительное нагревание
prehistoric - доисторический
23. Form the new words according to the model.
Mnrlnl- .»_. i •. •
| precondition — предварительное условие |
Model: condition-условие determine -__ control -examine -
24. Distribute the given words into four columns. Translate the words.
Model: nouns verbs adj. adv.
importance to use important indoors
use [ju.s], use fjurzj, useful, uselessly, serve, service, shelter, site, place, take place, mainly, main, door, indoors, need, sanitary, natural, nature, naturally, outdoors, prehistoric, predetermination 25. Supply the corresponding verbs.
Model: provision - to provide - обеспечивать
disposition to
Г Л Л /V
immodation to__________________ —____________
I'и .ilum tO______________________________ —_____________________
ll'tivity to__________________ —____________
■'(> Change the nouns into the adjectives. Translate the new combinations.
Model: water — watery taste — водянистый вкус
•In i -_________________ waste —_____
min —________________ season —______________
'wind —__________________ weather —_________________
ни —________________ morning—_________________
bnow -___________________ day —________________
I 27. Translate the following examples.
much air, less light, few people, more waste, little energy, a few buildings, fewer sites, many shelters, little sunshine
28. Put down the corresponding English words.
1. They stayed (в помещении)_________ (из-за)___________
the rainy weather.
2. People build houses (так как)_________ they need (убежище)
3. People's activity takes place both (в доме)________________
and (на улице)_______________ . hb*
4. Sanitary accommodation (избавление от отбросов)___ .
are provided by modern services.
5. Accommodations are (планируются заранее)_____________
and located on a site plan.
Read the article (Part 1).
Wfe build because we need shelter. We need shelter from sun, rain, wind, and snow Not much that modern people do takes place outciobrs: Our activities mostly take place indoors. For these activities we may need У/ air that is warmer or cooler than the air outdoors. We may also need less light by day and more light by night than is provided by nature.
It is a well-known fact that modern people in many countries also need services. Modern services must provide energy, water, communications, and dispose of waste. Sanitary accommodation is also necessary and very important. For sanitary accommodation people must have ventilation. It is important to note that all services and accommodations are preplanned and located on a site plan. A site plan must be prepared and provided for every building and every construction.
24
 |
Essential Course |
| highway - дорога общего пользования, шоссе facility — удобство, возможность facilities — средства, возможности, предметы оборудования since - с; с тех пор как; так как |
Part 2
Master the key terms and head words.
among - среди
arrangement - устройство, приспособление
| 29. Put down the corresponding verbs. Translate every word. Model: construction - строительство; to construct — строить, сооружать accommodation —_____ arrangement -____ organization —__ disposition —______ construction |
| —Jto. —ito. —;to_ _;to_ |
branch [bra.nt/J - отрасль, ветвь bridge — мост civil — гражданский difference - разница, различие enterprise - предприятие
30. Combine the given attributes (a) with the nouns (b); translate the new word combinations.
| гражданское строительство (b) branches pool enterprises facilities construction materials |
Model: civil construction — (a) civil
main
sporting
housing
industrial
different
military
swimming
Read the article (Part 2). u Ъ
In order to havefshelter provided with modern services and accommodation, people all over the world use many different construction materials and arrange them into different constructions. Since prehistoric times these constructions have served as shelter and accommodation for a man, a group of people, a family, a few families, many families, an organization, or an enterprise.
Unit One. Why Do People Build?________________________ 25
■ What are the branches modern civil construction has? Among the brunches the main ones are housing ponstruction, construction of industrial enterprises, construction of railroads, highways, subways, construe-k|lon of bridges, dams, ports, canals, construction of different sporting facilities. Among them there are stadiums, aquaparks, swimming pools, ■porting complexes, and others. 31. Pair work. Read and translate the following questions. Put them to your group-mate.
1. Why do people need shelter?
2. What kind of services and accommodation do modern people need
and use?
3. What branches of modern civil construction do you know?
4. Do you attend any sporting facilities? What sporting facilities do you attend? How often do you attend them? Do you attend them regularly?
5. Do you want to take part in modern civil construction?
6. What branches of modern civil construction are you interested in?
Unit Two
Unit Two. Excavation
27
 | |||
 | |||
to guard [gct:d] - охранять, защищать to transfer - переносить, передавать above — над, более, сверх below — под, менее upper - верхний lower - более низкий, ниже |
EXCAVATION
Master the key terms and head words.
| upper - верхний |
area ['еэпэ] — площадь, пространство
excavation — выемка грунта
foundation — фундамент, основание
level - уровень
load — груз, тяжесть
major — главный, основной
soil — почва, земля
stratum sing., strata pi. — пласт, слой
| re- pre/. — снова, еще раз reread — перечитать reform - реформировать |
йе -pref. — придает слову противоположное значение demobilize — демобилизовать deicer — льдоудалитель
32. Read the given combinations. Translate them from Russian,
below zero - ниже нуля upper part — верхняя часть
above ground - над землей lower part — нижняя часть
above water - над водой lower stratum - нижний слой
| sub-pre/. — под-, недо-substation - подстанция |
super- pre/. — над-, сверх-supei marine — надводный supercement — цемент высокого
качества supercooling — переохлаждение
33. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words.
remove -________________________
rebuild -____________________
re-transfer —
labilize —_______________________________________
■water —________________________________________
■lactivation —______________________________________
ppervisor -______________________________________
inperheating —________________________________________
■ibstratum —_____________________________________
■ibpanel —____________________________________
Begas -_________________________________________
Ksoil -_________________________________________
34. Choose and put down the attributes opposite in the meaning to the given ones.
Translate the combinations.
attributes: above-ground, substructure of a building, above, warm, inorganic, lower, unnecessary
Model: below-ground and above-ground parts
upper and__________________ strata
I organic and__________________ soils
cold and__________________ climate
below and__________________ the level of freezing
necessary and__________________ details
35. Translate the following combinations,
| water and wind erosion different levels of freezing structural changes of soil |
major parts of a building upper stratum of soil decomposition of organic stratum
Read and translate the article.
What does construction of a building start with? Construction of any building usually starts with excavation. Excavation is a process'necessary for the construction of every modern building.
It is a well-known fact that there exist different kinds of soil. It is also a well-known fact that the structure of the upper stratum of the soil is of great importance for excavation. The foundation of a building should never be placed on organic soils because soils of this kind are easily decomposed. .They are decomposed because water and wind change their structure. So, if the upper stratum of soil is organic, it must be removed from the construction area in order to guard the foundation of the building against water and wind erosion. Further excavation may take place only after the upper organic stratum has been removed. In colder climates the foundations of buildings should be placed below the level to which the ground freezes in winter.
28
~ :---------------------------------- Essential Course
What are the major parts of a building? Modern buildings have three major parts. These are the superstructure, the substructure, and the foundation. The superstructure is the above-ground part of a building; the substructure — its below-ground part. As to the third part — foundation — its function is of great importance as it serves to transfer the loads of a building into the upper stratum of earth — its soil.
36. Pair work. Have a talk with your groupntate. Use the questions given below.
| 37. Think of a few questions of your own on the subject of the Unit. |
1. How many major parts does a modern building usually have?
2. What are the major parts of a building?
3. How is the above-ground (below-ground) part of a building called?
4. What is the function of a foundation?
5. Which part of soil is of great importance for excavation?
6. Which part of organic soil must be removed from the building area?
7. Why must it be removed?
8. In what climatic zones should the foundations be placed below the freezing point?
9. Have you ever watched the process of removing the upper stratum of soil from the building area?
Unit Three
FOUNDATION
■Iter the key terms and head words.
| to include - включать в себя to sink — опускаться, тонуть to support - поддерживать, держать live load - собственный вес, вес конструкции dead load — динамический вес, рабочая нагрузка |
polling — потолок домск - трещина ^ect - прямой uipment — оборудование floor - пол, этаж frame — рама, каркас, корпус «liiiple — простой will -стена in cause [kd:z] — причинять
38. Distribute the words given below into two columns: nouns, verbs.
Model: nouns verbs
crack found
pit control, include, frame, react, reaction, equip, equipment, crack, found, foundation, cause, support, floor, sink, wall, transfer
39. Read the terminological combinations. Translate them into English.
frame construction - каркасная конструкция frame of roof- стропильная система lupport plate — опорная плита live load — собственный вес dead load - рабочая нагрузка equipment crane — кран для погрузки
40. Choose the attributes opposite in the meaning to the given ones. Mind the pro
noun one.
Model: direct contact with the soil and indirect one, attributes: indirect, rather simple, live, small, unstable, high
dead loads and__________________ ones
one
| ones ones |
rather complex design and
large buildings and____
stable foundations and_
low weight and_______
one
30
Essential Cours
Hull Three. Foundation
31
41. Translate the given Russian words into the English ones.
1. Foundations keep both the (стены и пол)__________ from th
contact with the (почва)__________ .
2. Sinking may cause (трещины)______ in the walls of a building.
3. Foundation design may be both (весьма сложный)_________
and (весьма простой)______________ .
4. The foundations (поддерживают)______________ both dead
loads and (динамический вес)_____________ Г of buildings.
5. The dead load (включает в себя)___________ ••' the (вес)
_________________ of electrical and mechanical (оборудова
ние) ____________ .
42. Translate the following questions.
1. For what reason does every building need stability?
2. What functions of a foundation do you know?
3. What may cause cracking in the walls of buildings?
4. What are the loads supported by foundations?
5. What parts does dead load (live load) include?
Read and translate the article. л '■,
It is a well-known fact that every building needs permanent stability. In order to have stability, buildings should have foundations. We know that the function of a foundation is to transfer the loads of a building into the soil. Foundations keep the walls and the floors of buildings from direct contact with the soil. They guard the walls and the floors against the action of the weather—rain, snow, and wind. They also guard buildings against sinking that may cause cracks in the walls. Foundation design is very special. It may be both rather complex or very simple. It is a common practice that for very small buildings foundation design is usually much simpler than for large ones. Why is it so? Firstly, because foundations loads of small buildings are usually low.
What kinds of loads are supported by foundations? A foundation may support different kinds of loads. Among them there are dead loads and live loads. The dead load of a building includes the weights of the ceilings, the frame, the floor, roofs and the walls. Besides, every modern building is known to have water, electricity, heating, ventilation and dispose of waste systems and, accordingly, their equipment. The dead load also includes the weights of this electrical and mechanical equipment and the weight of the foundation itself. As to the live load, it includes the sum of the weights of the people and other living beings, the furnishings, and equipment they use. The live load also includes snow, ice, and water of the roof.
41 ftiir work. Have a talk with your groupmate. Use the questions of Ex. 42.
44. Iranslate the extract in writing. Use a dictionary if necessary.
Л There exist two basic types of foundations: shallow and deep. Shal-ш foundations transfer the load to the earth at the base of the column or л i»l I of the substructure. Deep foundations transfer the load at a point far Jlow the substructure. As to the price of these types of foundations, shal-ones are usually less expensive than deep ones.
TABLE I Modern Types of Construction
| civil construction panel с. stage с. industrial с. precast concrete с. turn-key с. military с. |
гражданское строительство панельное с. поэтажное с. промышленное с. сборное (из бетона) «под ключ» военное с.
45. Translate the terminological combinations of Table I a) from English into Russian; b) from Russian into English.
Control Yourself
I iiniiol Yourself. Review of Units 1-3 33
REVIEW OF UNITS 1-3
Can you choose the correct variant without consulting the articles "Why Do Feopk Build?", "Excavation", "Foundation"? In case you fail to do it, we recommend you tc repeat the corresponding material.
1. Much what we do takes place /
a) indoors
b) outdoors
2. We need more light j
a) by day 1 than is рт0У ^е^ ьу natUre.
b) by night /
3. Every construction serves as accommodation
a) for people and enterprises
b) for people, families, organizations and enterprises
4. Sporting facilities include
a) stadiums and swimming pools
b) stadiums, aquaparks, swimming pools, sporting complexes
5. The superstructure of a building is
a) its above-ground part
b) its below-ground part
6. The substructure of a building is
a) its below-ground part
b) its above-ground part
7. The foundation of a structure transmits its loads
a) into the lower strata of earth
b) into the upper stratum of earth
8. a) Organic structure of soil "i must be removed from the build-b) Inorganic structure of soil / ing areas.
9. The upper stratum of earth is removed in order to guard the foundation
a) from rain and sun
b) from water and wind erosion
10. In the cold climatic zones foundations should be placed
a) below the level of freezing
b) above the level of freezing
11. Foundations should not be placed
a) on organic soils
b) on inorganic soils
!, foundations keep the walls and the floors a) from indirect contact with the soil 11) from direct contact with the soil
inking may cause a) cracks in the walls I b) cracks in the roofs and the floors M. I oundation design is
a) of little importance \ for constructions.
b) of primary importance )
IS. For large (small) buildings foundation design is
a) rather simple
b) rather complex
I <> Water, electricity, ventilation, and dispose of waste systems
a) form live loads
b) form dead loads
17. Live loads include the weights of
a) the people, the furnishings and equipment
b) water, electricity and ventilation systems |8. Shallow and deep foundations
a) differ in their cost
b) have the same cost
19. Shallow foundations are generally
a) more expensive "> ,
b) less expensive / than deep ones.
20. Civil construction includes
a) industrial and precast concrete types of construction
b) industrial and military types of construction
Try to answer the following questions.
1. Why do people build?
2. What are the three main parts of a building?
3. What accommodation and services do modern people need?
4. What sporting facilities are being constructed nowadays?
5. What are the two main types of loads?
6. What components does dead (live) load include?
7. What branches of civil engineering do you know?
3 - 6049
Unit Four
ill Four. Construction Materials
35
| £Ц*г; |
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Master the key terms and head words.
advantage [ad'va:ntid3] — преиму- purpose — цель
щество resistance — сопротивление
artificial — искусственный, фик- strength — прочность, сила
тивный timber — строевой лес, бревна,
brick — кирпич лесной материал
concrete — бетон wood — древесина, роща
gravel — гравий woodwork — плотницкая работа,
durable — прочный, долговре- деревянные изделия
менный to decay - гнить, затухать
property — свойство to vary — варьировать, меняться
46. Which of the given words are nouns? adjectives? Why?
mixer, various, advantageous, gravel, purpose, art, artificial, stone, resistant, resistance, durability, durable, disadvantage, property
47. Which of the materials listed below are natural, artificial?
metal, stone, brick, concrete, gravel, wood, sand, timber, iron
48. Which of the properties of construction materials may be classified as advanta
geous? disadvantageous?
high cost fire-resistance non-fire-resistance
low resistance low cost high strength
high weight durability corrosion-resistance
heavy weight hardness softness
49. Combine the attributes (a) and the nouns (b). Do it in writing.
(a) artificial, durable, various, useful, low, advantageous, high
(b) process, materials, properties, strength, industry, resistance, cost
50. Which of the words given below are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs? Translate
every word.
height, high, deepen, depth, deeply, strength, strengthen, strong, long, highly, lengthen, length, hard, hardly, harden, hardness
51. Read the word combinations. Translate them from Russian.
foundation depth — глубина залегания фундамента
nilms properties — различные свойства
s of decay - процесс гниения, затухания
lal atmosphere — искусственный воздух
■vel concrete — гравийный бетон
jniher frame - деревянный каркас
Hvcl sand — гравийный песок
Ltd and translate the article. % py^n . ^*ien
Materials used for construction purposes possess different proper-h. They differ in durability, strength, weight, fire- and decay-resistance
IiikI naturally, cost. уьъУГ'Ч!
Wbod, timoer, brick, stone, concrete, metals, and plastics belong to the post popular building materials used nowadays. They all have their advantag-Ь and disadvantages that are taken into account when designing a structure. Wbod belongs to naturally growing materials. It is known to be the Oldest construction material and is still widely used for different purposes, wood is popular since it has low weight and is easy to work. Besides, it s naturally and is cheap. But its usage is limited because of its disad-fcntages: it easily burns and decays. As to stone, it also belongs to the old-m\ building materials. Among its advantages there are strength, high heat ilation and fire-resistance. Brick belongs to artificial construction materials. It has been used in v countries and in different climates. In modern times bricks vary wide-fly with the method of production and temperature of burning.
Concrete is known to be one of the most popular building materials. | It is produced by mixing cement, gravel, water, and sand in the proper amounts.
ler the words,
alloy - сплав ferrous — соединения закиси железа
Ettad and translate the extract in writing.
Metals belong to hard and fire-resistant building materials. There exist two main groups of metals: ferrous and non-ferrous. Non-ferrous are [metals whose main component is not iron. As to iron, steel and their alloys, they belong to the group of ferrous metals. 52. Pair work. Put these questions to your groupmate.
1. Into what groups can construction materials be divided?
2. What are the advantages (disadvantages) of wood, stone, metals?
3. What two groups are metals divided into?
4. What is the difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals?
i*
Unit Five
WOOD
| ' |
Parti
Master the key terms and head words.
wood - древесина, строевой ле- 'decrease - уменьшение, спад
соматериал; роща to in'crease — возрастать
content — содержание, доля Increase — рост, увеличение
evaporation - испарение the only - единственный
to contain - содержать в себе the ...ег... the ...er - чем..., тем...
to decrease — уменьшать(ся)
Define parts of speech. Translate the words.
new, renew, renewable, resource, evaporate, 'increase, in'crease, only, the only, 'decrease, de'crease, container
53. Translate the words into Russian (a); translate the combinations (b).
(a) evaporable, controllable, collectible, workable, workability, usable, reusable, reusability, suppliable
(b) water evaporation increase water content increase (decrease) naturally growing resource
the only naturally renewable resource
the only highly used naturally growing material
54. Read the terminological combinations; translate them from Russian,
wood industry — лесная промышленность
wood covering — деревянное перекрытие wood fiber - древесное волокно evaporation test — проба на испаряемость
55. Translate the following sentences. Mind the Complex Subject.
1. Water content is known to decrease in the cut wood.
2. Wood as a structural material is considered to be highly used because of its low weight, low cost, and high workability.
i live. Wood______________________________________ 37
I Use of concrete for building purposes is announced to be constantly
Increasing all over the world. I, The strength and hardness of cut wood are known to increase as its
water content evaporates.
the article.
Waod has been a highly used building material since prehistoric times. ^Bng other highly used construction materials there are concrete, steel, ^■t, stone, and plastics. They all differ in their properties and in the ■thods of usage. Construction materials are known to differ in strength, Bdncss, fire- and corrosion-resistance durability, and, naturally, cost. Being the oldest building material, wood is also known to be the only Rurally growing organic material. Is wood strong? Hardly so, because $d always contains some water which decreases its strength. But after wood is cut, the water content starts to evaporate and as the water ntent decreases the strength of the cut wood and its hardness start to crease. It is a well-known fact that the drier is the cut wood the greater is L strength and hardness.
Trees are known to grow naturally, which makes wood a constantly ible natural resource. Among other advantages of wood there are its few cost, low weight, and high workability. But, as any other construction ■eterial, wood has its disadvantages. The main ones are the following - it I» not fire-resistant, it easily burns. Besides, it easily decays.
Part 2
| Master the key terms and head words.
| to glue — клеить to install — устанавливать, монтировать to laminate — расщеплять, ламинировать to require — требовать |
board — доска
to board - обивать досками plywood - фанера ■trip - полоса, лента veneer — облицовка veneered — облицованный to determine [di't3:min] — опреде лять, устанавливать
56. Put down the corresponding verbs. Translate the words.
Model: predetermination - to predetermine - заранее определять
(a) requirement —to______________ —____________
installation — to —
Essential Cou
I live. Wood
39
lamination — to determination — to evaporation - to
(b) glue — клей — to glue — клеить
change —_________ — to
form - to
strip -_________ _t0_________________
decrease —_________ ^_ — to —
veneer —_________ — to ~~ — ~
board - -to~ —v"
57. a) Read the terminological combinations, translate them from Russian, glued board — доска, склеенная из фанеры glued wood - склеенное дерево, фанера laminated glass — слоистое стекло veneering plywood - оклеичная фанера
b) Give the English equivalents of the Russian words.
1. Small (полосы)_________ of wood are (склеены)___
together.
2. Wood in panel form is more (предпочтителен)_________ fol
some construction (цели)________ than (доски)_________
3. (фанерные)________________ panels are made up of (тонкие^
_______________ (деревянные)_______________ veneers.
58. Translate the following combinations into Russian,
wood veneers laminated wood
strip of land strips of wood glued together
Read and translate the article.
WOOD PRODUCTS
Wood used for construction purposes is usually changed into laminated wood or wood panel products. Large structural wooden members are produced by glueing small strips of wood together.
Wood in panel form is more advantageous for many building purposes than boards. Why is it so? First of all, because wood panels are much easier to install than boards. They require much less labour for the process of installation. Besides, swelling (набухание) and splitting (расщепление) in panels are greatly decreased compared with boardsAAs to plywood panels, they are made up of thin wooden veneers glued together. It is of great importance to note that when wooden structures are designed the future stresses of their structural members must be predetermined.
I» < mi you answer these questions?
i »< >es wood as a structural material have only advantages? If not, what
nrc its disadvantages? |, Is wood a strong building material? If not, why? L Docs the water content in the cut wood increase or decrease?
hat forms is wood changed into? And for what purposes? Compare
wood in panel forms with boards. What do they differ in? | What elements are plywood panels made up of?
|
|
TABLE II Kinds of Wood
| древесина | wood, timber |
| березовая д. | birch wood |
| дубовая д. | oakw. |
| клееная д. | glued w. |
| пропитанная д. | impregnated w. |
| слоистая д. | laminated w. |
| д. мягких пород | softwood |
| д. твердых пород | hardwood |
60. translate the given combinations a) from English into Russian; b) from Russian into English.
TIMBER
aster the key terms and head words.
| roofing — покрытие крыши to roof— настилать крышу surface - поверхность to belong to — принадлежать (к) |
Поог — пол, этаж flooring — настилка полов frame - рама, корпус removal - устранение, перемещение roof - крыша, кровля
61. State parts of speech. Translate every word.
hardwoods, surface, polluter, remove, pollution, removal, belong, roof, belongings, resist, renew
| 40 |
| ^^^ |
Essential Coure
62. Form the nouns. Translate the words.
Model: resistable — resistability - способность к сопротивлению
workable —__________________ —___________________
removable —___________________ —___________________
renewable -___________________ -____________________
usable -________________ -____________________
63. Read the examples. Translate them into English.
surface area — площадь поверхности *
floor boards — настил
floor timber — половая балка
roof iron — кровельное железо
roof ventilation - потолочный вентилятор
roofer — кровельщик
64. Choose and put down the English equivalents to the Russian word combinations
given below.
Model: загрязненный воздух - polluted air surface waters, floor frame, roofer, chemical pollution, decorative purposes, surface cracks, strips of land, chemically polluted air, floor boards, roof iron, laminated panel
слоистая панель —____________________________________
кровельщик —________________________________________
поверхностные трещины —_____________________________
полоски земли —______________________________________
химически загрязненный воздух —___________________________
декоративные цели -___________________________________
химическое загрязнение —______________________________
шпангоут —___________________________________________
поверхностные воды —_________________________________
настил -_____________________________________________
кровельное железо —_____________________________________
65. Give the Russian for the following terminological combinations.
constantly polluted atmosphere chemically produced corrosion
naturally renewable resources commonly used types of wood
constantly increasing global pollution
66. Translate the following questions.
1. What structural materials does timber belong to?
2. What is it produced from?
3. What are the main advantages (disadvantages) of timber?
| | live. Wood |
41
ly is removal of water from timber useful for construction purposes? ii are the two main types of timber? What are softwoods (hardwoods) used for? I low much of the world's land surface is considered to be covered
Willi forests?
What countries are rich (poor) in forests?
Дата: 2018-11-18, просмотров: 1183.
