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| Direct questions | Indirect questions |
| "Do you eat meat?" she asked him. | She asked him if/whether he ate meat. |
| "What time is it?" she asked him. | She asked him what time it was. |
| "Where is Joan?" he asked me. | Do you know where Joan is? |
| "Did he tell you the truth?" she asked me. | She wondered if/whether he had told me the truth. |
| "What shall I do next?" he asked me. | He wanted to know what he should do next/what to do next. |
Reported Commands/Requests/Suggestions
| Direct | Indirect |
| "Watch out," he said to me. | He told me to watch out. (command) |
| "Please, don’t move," he said to me | He asked me not to move. (request) |
| "Let’s play chess," he said. | He suggested playing chess. (suggestion) |
| "You’d better see a doctor," he said. | He suggested that I (should) see a doctor. (suggestion) |
Modal Verbs in Reported Speech
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
| will/shall | → would |
| can | → could (present reference) →would be able to (future reference) |
| may | → might/could |
| shall | → should (asking for advice) →would (asking for information) / offer (expressing offers) |
| must | → must/had to (obligation) (“must” remains the same when it expresses possibility or deduction) |
| needn’t | → didn’t need to / didn’t have to (present reference) → wouldn’t have to (future reference) |
Special Introductory Verbs
| Introductory verb | Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
| agree + to-inf | "Yes, I’ll come with you." | -> He agreed to come with me. |
| demand | "Tell me everything!" | -> He demanded to be told everything. |
| offer | "Would you like me to carry it?" | -> He offered to carry it. |
| promise | I'll study more." | -> He promised to study more. |
| refuse | "No, i won't come with you." | -> He refused to come with me. |
| threaten | "Behave yourself or I'll punish you." | -> He threatened to punish me if I didn't behave myself. |
| claim | "I heard her say that." | ->He claimed to have heard her say that. |
| advise + sb + to-inf | "You should take a coat." | ->He advised me to take a coat. |
| allow | "You can use my phone." | -> He allowed me to use his phone. |
| ask | "Please, put it away." | -> He asked me to put it away. |
| beg | "Please, please help me." | -> He begged me to help him. |
| command | "Fire!" | -> He commanded the soldiers to fire. |
| encourage | "Go ahead, phone her." | -> He encouraged me to phone her. |
| forbid | "You mustn't eat sweets." | -> He forbade me to eat sweets. |
| instruct | "Insert your card and wait for the machine to open." | ->He instructed me to insert my card and wait for the machine to open. |
| invite sb | "Would you like to come to my house?" | -> He invited me to go to his house. |
| order | "Sit down immediately." | -> He ordered me to sit down immediately. |
| permit | "You may speak now." | -> He permitted me to speak. |
| remind | "Don’t forget to pay the bill." | -> He reminded me to pay the bill. |
| urge | "Finish your work." | ->He urged me to finish my work. |
| warn | "Don’t touch that switch." | -> He warned me not to touch that switch. |
| want | "I’d like you to go out." | ->He wanted me to go out. |
| accuse sb of + -ing form | "You broke the vase." | -> He accused me of breaking the vase. |
| apologise for | "I'm sorry I upset you." | ->He apologized for upsetting /having upset me. |
| admit (to) | "Yes, I lied to her." | ->He admitted (to) lying /having lied to her. |
| boast about | "I am better than you." | -> He boasted about being better than me. |
| complain to sb about | "You never tidy up." | -> He complained to me about my never tidying up. |
| deny | "No, I didn’t steal the car." | ->Hedenied stealing/having stolen the car. |
| insist on | "You must wear warm clothes." | -> He insisted on me/my wearing warm clothes. |
| suggest | "Let’s go to the theatre." | -> He suggested going to the theatre. |
| agree + that-clause | "Yes, that is a beautiful hat." | -> He agreed that it was a beautiful hat. |
| boast | "I’m a brilliant dentist." | -> He boasted that he was a brilliant dentist. |
| claim | "I know the answer." | ->Heclaimed that he knew the answer. |
| complain | "You never listen to me." | -> He complained that I never listened to him. |
| deny | "I’ve never spoken to her." | ->Hedenied that he had ever spoken to her. |
| exclaim | "It’s wonderful!" | -> He exclaimed that it was wonderful. |
| explain | "It’s an easy recipe to follow." | ->Heexplained that it was an easy recipe to follow. |
| inform sb | "You will be called for an interview." | -> He informed me that I would be called for an interview. |
| promise | "I won’t lie to you again." | -> He promised that he wouldn't lie to me again. |
| suggest | "You ought to take the other road." | ->He suggested that I take the other road. |
| explain to sb + how | "This is how you make it." | -> He explained to me how to make it. |
| wonder where/what why/how + clause (when the subject of the introductory verb is not the same as the subject in the reported question) | He asked himself, "How can she reach the top?" He asked himself, "Where is Joan?" He asked himself, "Why is she crying?" He asked himself, "What is she doing?" | -> Hewondered how she could reach the top. -> He wondered where Joan was. -> Hewondered why she was crying. -> He wondered what she was doing. |
| wonder + whether + to-inf or clause wonder where/what/ how + to-inf (when the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the verb) | He asked himself, "Shall I buy that car?" He asked himself, "Where am I going?" He asked himself, "What should I tell her?" He asked himself, "How can I fix it?" | -> He wondered whether to buy that car. -> He wondered whether he should buy that car. ->He wondered where he was going. -> He wondered what he should tell her. -> He wondered how to fix it. |
Questions/short answers
Subject/Object Questions
| subject | object |
| subject | object | ||
| Ian | met | Sally | Sally | met | David |
|
QUESTION WORDS | ||||||
| people | animals things | place | time | quantity | manner | reason |
| What Which (of) Who Whose (possession) | What Which (of) | Where | How long How often What time When | How many How much | How | Why |
|
Type 1 Real Present
| Conditionals | |
| If + any present form Future/Imperative (Present S., Present Cont. can/may/might/must/should or Present Perfect) + bare inf/Present Simple | true or likely to happen in the present or future | |
| If you play with matches, you will burn yourself. If you have taken the books, you can start working on your essay. If you see him, tell him to come immediately. | ||
| Type 2 unreal present | If + Past Simple would/could/might + bare or Past Continuous infinitive | untrue in the present; also used to give advice |
| If I were you, I wouldn't feel sorry at all. (advice) If she was working more, she would be paid more. (but she isn't working much - untrue in the present) | ||
| Type 3 unreal past | If + Past Perfect or would/could/might + have Past Perfect Continuous + past participle | imaginary situation contrary to facts in the past; also used to express regrets or criticism |
| If he had followed his parents' advice, he wouldn't have lost all his money. | ||
|
Mixed Conditionals | |||
|
Type 2 | lf-clause | Main clause | |
| If she was sleeping all day, (She was sleeping all day | she will feel better now. so she feels better now.) | Type 1 | |
| Type 2 | If I were rich, (I'm not rich If you paid more attention, (You don't pay attention | I would have bought a new car. so I didn't buy a new car.) you wouldn't have made such a mess. so you made a mess.) | Type 3 |
| Type 3 | If I had been invited, (I wasn't invited | I would go tonight. so I'm not going tonight.) | Type 2 |
| Wishes Form | Use | |
| I wish (if only) (wish/regret about the present) | + Past tense | wish/regret about a present situation we want to be different |
| I wish we were on holiday. (It's a pity we aren't.) | ||
| I wish (if only) (wish/regret about the present) | + could + bare infinitive | wish/regret in the present concerning lack of ability |
| I wish I could speak French. (but I can't) | ||
| I wish (if only) (regret about the past) | + Past Perfect | regret that something happened or didn't happen in the past |
| I wish you had listened to me. (but you didn't) | ||
| I wish (if only) + subject + would + bare inf wish for a future change (Impossible wish for (a. "wish" and "would" should have unlikely to happen or wish to a future change) a different subject. We never say: express dissatisfaction; Not: I wish I would, He wishes he would etc polite request implying b. wish + inanimate subject + would dissatisfaction or lack of is used to express the speaker's hope disappointment or lack of hope | ||
| I wish he would stop lying. (But I don't think he will - wish for a future change unlikely to happen.) I wish they would take this more seriously. (dissatisfaction) I wish it would stop snowing.(But I'm afraid it won't stop snowing - wish implying disappointment) I wish you wouldn't throw litter on the floor. (Please, don't throw litter on the floor - request implying lack of hope) | ||
|
Unreal Past | |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect |
| · Conditionals Type 2 (unreal in the present) If I were you, I would leave now. · Wish (present) I wish she worked more efficiently. · I’d rather/sooner sb… (present) I’d rather you left the files here, please. · Suppose/Supposing Suppose you won the lottery, what would you buy? · As if/as though (untrue situation in the present) He acts as if he were a genius. · It’s (about/high) time … It’s about time you learnt to drive. | • Conditionals Type 3 (unreal in the past) If I had known before, I wouldn't have come. • wish (past) /f only he hadn't lied to me. • I'd rather/sooner sb ... (past) I'd rather you had not spoken like that yesterday. • Suppose/Supposing Suppose she hadn't reminded you, would you have remembered? • as if/as though (untrue situation in the past) She looked at me as if she had never seen me before. |
had better = should
• I had better + present bare infinitive (present/future reference)
He had better not wait any longer. (= He should not wait any longer.)
• It would have been better if + Past Perfect (past reference). It would have been better if he had
phoned us to tell us not to wait. (= He should have phoned us to tell us not to wait.)
would rather = I'd prefer
| • when the subject of would rather is also the subject of the following verb | I'd rather + Present bare Infinitive (present/future reference) Perfect bare infinitive (past reference) I'd rather stay in tonight. I'd rather not have taken the bus, but I had no choice. |
| • when the subject of would rather is different from the subject of the following verb | I'd rather sb + Past Simple (present/future reference) Past Perfect (past reference) I'd rather you didn't shout so much. I'd rather you had come with me yesterday. |
| • prefer + gerund/noun + to + gerund/noun (general). I prefer watching TV to reading books. • prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (general preference) I prefer to eat what I want rather than count calories. • would prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (specific preference) I'd prefer to play football rather than watch it. • would rather + bare infinitive + than + bare infinitive. I'd rather ski than skate. | |
Adjectives and adverbs
Order of Adjectives
Opinion
Adjectives
Fact Adjectives
Noun
Order of Adverbs
| subject + verb | place | manner | time |
| She goes | to the gym | on foot | every day. |
| subject + verb | manner | place | time |
| He was working | quietly | in the shed | all day. |
Дата: 2018-11-18, просмотров: 2068.