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POPULATION: STRUCTURE, STRATEGIES; SOCIAL CARE
Overview. By 2011 the population total is expected 60 mln. The English take up 4/5 of the population, the Welsh and the Irish – about 15 %. Density in England is 363, Wales – 137, Scotland – 66. As to density, it is the third in Europe after the Netherlands and Belgium. GB has ranks 14th out of 160 countries on a human development index that combines life expectancy, education levels and basic purchasing power.(to compare across the world look up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index Question: What’s the top country? position of USA? Russia?
Migration.
Mass emigration from GB stopped during World War I, when the traditional receiving countries (USA and Canada) imposed strict limitations on immigration. In 1930 there was a considerable flow of refugees from continental Europe. 50s-60s witnessed an influx of people from West Indies and the Indian sub-continent. Right up until 1962 citizens of the huge area of the former Empire had the automatic right to live and work in the metropolitan country. The automatic right to migrate and to British citizenship was stopped by Thatcher in the 80-s. New Commonwealth (anything but Canada, Australia, New Zealand) + Pakistani settlers account for 2 mln recent arrivals, who live mostly in the south-east and west Midlands. There are also sizable groups of Americans, Australians, The Chinese, Greeks and Turkish Cypriots, Italians and Spaniards.
Under the British Nationality Act 1981 there are 3 main forms of citizenship:
· British citizenship for people closely connected with Britain, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man;
· British Dependent Territories for people connected with the dependencies;
· British Overseas Citizenship.
British citizenship is acquired automatically at birth by a child if parents are British or settled in Britain; by naturalisation for Commonwealth citizens, citizens of the Irish Republic who are aged 18 or over; for the rest – after 5 years residence in Britain (+ good character, sound mind, and sufficient knowledge of English. The nationals of certain specified countries must obtain a visa or an entry clearance before they can enter Britain.
As to inner distribution, over 90% population live in towns. Unhealthy environment, transport congestion, noise, pollution, high rents drive people out of big cities. There has also been e geographical redistribution of the population from Scotland and the Nothern Regions of England to the South East, East Anglia, the South-west and the East Midlands. An increase in the rate of retirement migration has also occured, the main recepient areas being the south coast of England and East Anglia – there the retired sometimes constitute ¼ of the population.There is also old age migration to Spain and Portugal.
Social Class Make up.
There are no peasants – crofters are a dying out class. There are farmers and hired labourers. Since 1950s there has been a massive growth at the middle class (senior professionals, judges, senior medical specialists, senior civil servants). Unlike the working class, it has great mobility. Within the last 20 years approximately 2 mln jobs were created in the professional and managerial fields alone.
The weakest group economically are retired people, single women and people belonging to ethnic minorities.
Social Rates. GB has one of the highest divorce rates in Europe. ¾ of divorces are initiated by wives. An average couple have 1,8 children. 36 % of couples have no children. 27 % are one-member families. More than ¼ are ‘non-marital’ babies. There is a considerable increase of cohabitation. Now they have a special term ‘serial monogamy’, which may become norm. Task: look up http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/interactive/-at-risk-of-poverty-and--social-exclusion--rates-in-the-eu---dvc29/index.html Which 5 statistic rates are provided? In which ones is UK at-risk?
On the other hand there is a tendency to extended families – of 3-4 generations, which greater longevity of life provides and which is most beneficial for the children.
Ethnic Minorities.
The 1991 Census of Population for the first time included a question on ethnic origin. A Portrait of Modern Britain reveals that the five largest distinct Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) communities could potentially double from 8 million people or 14% of the population to between 20-30% by the middle of the century. Over the past decade, the UK’s White population has remained roughly the same while the minority population has almost doubled. Black Africans and Bangladeshis are the fastest growing minority communities with ethnic minorities representing 25% of people aged under the age of five. Ethnic minority communities predominantly live in three main cities, with 50% living in London, Manchester and Birmingham alone. They are seven times more likely to live in an urban area than someone who is white. Ethnic minorities shouldn’t be treated as one group!
Their children may need special help in education, there is a higher rate of unemployment. There is special attention to the treatment of the ethnic monorities in the criminal justice system, which is called ‘ethnic monitoring’ and requires annual publication of statistics.. The same concerns the National Health Service. Special link workers are employed within the NHS to help overcome barriers of language and culture between patients and health professionals.There are three more factors contributing to assimilation – social services, business development and adequate housing.
In 1977 Race discrimination Act proclaimed absolute equality for non-white British sitizens. “...we must create a black British middle class” – there is an attempt to put an end to latently explosive situation in some conurbations, leading to inner-city riots, etc. Language trainging and business development are ensured by the ome Office grant to local authorities. The Housing Corporation has a statutory duty to promote good race relations. It is managed by a committee 80% of which are ethnic minorities. There exist 11 ethnic 24 hours radio stations; some dailies are published in Urdu and Arabic.
The results are more or less impressive. Firstly, 78% ethnic minority men and 54% women in GB are economically active (to compare with 86% and 72% of white population.) Britain is the only EU country where the vast majority of the ethnic communities enjoy voting rights. EU report has stressed better institutional provisions for equal opportunities, including the sphere of police training and recruitment.
Question: Is racial inequality in UK rhetorics or proven fact? http://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jul/26/black-minority-ethnic-britons-budget-george-osborne-benefit-cuts (read and comment)
For Workshop read “Changing the debate on migration”
Women.
The UK has dropped down a global scale of gender equality to 26th place. Where is the government going wrong – and how to fix politics, pay and promotions?
The UK is 74th of 186 in terms of female representation in parliament. UK has a prime minister who responds to female MPs with facile derision (“calm down, dear”; “I know the honorable lady is extremely frustrated”)
It is estimated that women form 25% of managers and about 3 % of senior executives in GB; as a rule they are paid less for the same job. This is a legacy of past attitudes which is often referred to as ‘Glass ceiling’. The World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report found that the UK was a long way off closing the gender gap in terms of economic participation and opportunity, “with the country ranking 48th in terms of both labour force participation and wage equality, and 66th for estimated earned income”.
To break away with it, the Government is encouraging employers to adopt “family-friendly” policies which allow men and women to combine their working and domestic responsibilities. All government departments now offer their employees the chance to take a career break to look after their children (they receive no pay but gain a promise of an equal status job on their return), to work part-time or to job-share (divide a job between 2 people) – even quite senior posts. There exist special career training schemes for women, also mentoring schemes(where a more experienced member of staff advises a young woman). Women are also encouraged to gather together in networking groups to increase their circle of contacts and break the social isolation that may be felt by high profile female job-holders.There is even a Commons 300 group an all party national urganization working towards a minimum of 300 women MPs.
Last February, the Commons’ Science and Technology Select Committee published a report, “Women in STEM careers”. It brought up the effect of the “leaky pipeline”: the gradual and continuous loss of women at consecutive career stages within Stem. The report said: “Just 17% of all professors working in science, technology, engineering and mathematics are women.” From an already low point of 30%, the figure of Stem women drops a further 13 percentage points between graduation and employment.
Improvements in antenatal care lead to decrease of maternal deaths they account for just 1 % of all deaths of women of fertile age. Women inGB have the right to return to work after aperiod of 40 weeks’ maternity absence, provided that they worked full-time. 6 weeks of this is statutory leave, during which a woman is paid 90 % of her earnings. Provisions for maternity leave and child care are among the lowest in Europe.
Women face specific problems in terms of reproductive health, but are also more likely to be on antidepressants and tranquilizers – which relates to the disadvantages women face in the job market.
As to criminal activity, women make up only 17 % of known offenders and thier offences are overwhelmingly against property. Their peak age for offending is 15.
Question: what are constituents of gender equality in society? How does Russia look in this aspect? Is gender equality achievable? Which estimates are missing? (Read http://www.gender-equality.webinfo.lt/results/uk.htm and comment) Watch Emma Watson’s talk http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/emma-watson-calls-on-men-to-help-end-sexism-gender-equality-is-your-issue-too-9746926.html
Child Welfare in Britain.
Care for ‘in-need’ children. The definition ‘in-need’ is referred to children with disabilities and those suffering from social and economic deprivation.60 % of those are boarded out in foster homes, the rest receive residential care in children’s homes. The provision and management of children’s homes includes certain standard requirements. E.g., each home must produce a written statement of its purpose and function. The use of corporal punishment, the deprivation of food and drink or sleep or requirement to wear inappropriate clothing are prohibited. Those responsible for homes have to maintain detailed records of disciplinary measures. Homes must prepare a written plan for each child and consider arrangements for contact with family, after care, health and education.
Day care. By the time they reach the age of 5, the great majority of children in Britain willhave attended a day care group or nursery class. Private and voluntary day nurseries are registered with local authorities, and parents pay a fee for their services. Most playgrounds are run on a self-help basis by parents with one or two paid staff. The playgrounds have to be registered with local authorities; same about child-minders, who usually provide services in their own homes.
Benefits for Children and Families include: Statutory Maternity Pay (SMP), a one-parent benefit, family credit, which depends on a family’s net income. All children are entitled to free dental and medical treatment under the National Health Service.
Task: visit http://www.childrenengland.org.uk and enumerate issues they present.
Older People in Britain.
10 million people in the UK are over 65 years old. The latest projections are for 5½ million more elderly people in 20 years time and the number will have nearly doubled to around 19 million by 2050.
Within this total, the number of very old people grows even faster. There are currently three million people aged more than 80 years and this is projected to almost double by 2030 and reach eight million by 2050. While one-in-six of the UK population is currently aged 65 and over, by 2050 one in-four will be.
The pensioner population is expected to rise despite the increase in the women’s state pension age to 65 between 2010 and 2020 and the increase for both men and women from 65 to 68 between 2024 and 2046. In 2008 there were 3.2 people of working age for every person of pensionable age. This ratio is projected to fall to 2.8 by 2033.
Much of today’s public spending on benefits is focused on elderly people. 65% of Department for Work and Pensions benefit expenditure goes to those over working age, equivalent to £100 billion in 2010/11 or one-seventh of public expenditure. Continuing to provide state benefits and pensions at today’s average would mean additional spending of £10 billion a year for every additional one million people over working age.
Growing numbers of elderly people also have an impact on the NHS, where average spending for retired households is nearly double that for non-retired households. The Department of Health estimates that the average cost of providing hospital and community health services for a person aged 85 years or more is around three times greater than for a person aged 65 to 74 years.
State benefits and the NHS accounted for just under half of government expenditure in 2009/10. With much of this spending directed at elderly people, their growing number will present challenges for providers of these particular services as well as for the public finances as a whole.
Life expectancy at birth is an average of 74 for men and 79 for women. The main strategies as regards care for older people:
POPULATION: STRUCTURE, STRATEGIES; SOCIAL CARE
Overview. By 2011 the population total is expected 60 mln. The English take up 4/5 of the population, the Welsh and the Irish – about 15 %. Density in England is 363, Wales – 137, Scotland – 66. As to density, it is the third in Europe after the Netherlands and Belgium. GB has ranks 14th out of 160 countries on a human development index that combines life expectancy, education levels and basic purchasing power.(to compare across the world look up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index Question: What’s the top country? position of USA? Russia?
Migration.
Mass emigration from GB stopped during World War I, when the traditional receiving countries (USA and Canada) imposed strict limitations on immigration. In 1930 there was a considerable flow of refugees from continental Europe. 50s-60s witnessed an influx of people from West Indies and the Indian sub-continent. Right up until 1962 citizens of the huge area of the former Empire had the automatic right to live and work in the metropolitan country. The automatic right to migrate and to British citizenship was stopped by Thatcher in the 80-s. New Commonwealth (anything but Canada, Australia, New Zealand) + Pakistani settlers account for 2 mln recent arrivals, who live mostly in the south-east and west Midlands. There are also sizable groups of Americans, Australians, The Chinese, Greeks and Turkish Cypriots, Italians and Spaniards.
Under the British Nationality Act 1981 there are 3 main forms of citizenship:
· British citizenship for people closely connected with Britain, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man;
· British Dependent Territories for people connected with the dependencies;
· British Overseas Citizenship.
British citizenship is acquired automatically at birth by a child if parents are British or settled in Britain; by naturalisation for Commonwealth citizens, citizens of the Irish Republic who are aged 18 or over; for the rest – after 5 years residence in Britain (+ good character, sound mind, and sufficient knowledge of English. The nationals of certain specified countries must obtain a visa or an entry clearance before they can enter Britain.
As to inner distribution, over 90% population live in towns. Unhealthy environment, transport congestion, noise, pollution, high rents drive people out of big cities. There has also been e geographical redistribution of the population from Scotland and the Nothern Regions of England to the South East, East Anglia, the South-west and the East Midlands. An increase in the rate of retirement migration has also occured, the main recepient areas being the south coast of England and East Anglia – there the retired sometimes constitute ¼ of the population.There is also old age migration to Spain and Portugal.
Social Class Make up.
There are no peasants – crofters are a dying out class. There are farmers and hired labourers. Since 1950s there has been a massive growth at the middle class (senior professionals, judges, senior medical specialists, senior civil servants). Unlike the working class, it has great mobility. Within the last 20 years approximately 2 mln jobs were created in the professional and managerial fields alone.
The weakest group economically are retired people, single women and people belonging to ethnic minorities.
Social Rates. GB has one of the highest divorce rates in Europe. ¾ of divorces are initiated by wives. An average couple have 1,8 children. 36 % of couples have no children. 27 % are one-member families. More than ¼ are ‘non-marital’ babies. There is a considerable increase of cohabitation. Now they have a special term ‘serial monogamy’, which may become norm. Task: look up http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/interactive/-at-risk-of-poverty-and--social-exclusion--rates-in-the-eu---dvc29/index.html Which 5 statistic rates are provided? In which ones is UK at-risk?
On the other hand there is a tendency to extended families – of 3-4 generations, which greater longevity of life provides and which is most beneficial for the children.
Ethnic Minorities.
The 1991 Census of Population for the first time included a question on ethnic origin. A Portrait of Modern Britain reveals that the five largest distinct Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) communities could potentially double from 8 million people or 14% of the population to between 20-30% by the middle of the century. Over the past decade, the UK’s White population has remained roughly the same while the minority population has almost doubled. Black Africans and Bangladeshis are the fastest growing minority communities with ethnic minorities representing 25% of people aged under the age of five. Ethnic minority communities predominantly live in three main cities, with 50% living in London, Manchester and Birmingham alone. They are seven times more likely to live in an urban area than someone who is white. Ethnic minorities shouldn’t be treated as one group!
Their children may need special help in education, there is a higher rate of unemployment. There is special attention to the treatment of the ethnic monorities in the criminal justice system, which is called ‘ethnic monitoring’ and requires annual publication of statistics.. The same concerns the National Health Service. Special link workers are employed within the NHS to help overcome barriers of language and culture between patients and health professionals.There are three more factors contributing to assimilation – social services, business development and adequate housing.
In 1977 Race discrimination Act proclaimed absolute equality for non-white British sitizens. “...we must create a black British middle class” – there is an attempt to put an end to latently explosive situation in some conurbations, leading to inner-city riots, etc. Language trainging and business development are ensured by the ome Office grant to local authorities. The Housing Corporation has a statutory duty to promote good race relations. It is managed by a committee 80% of which are ethnic minorities. There exist 11 ethnic 24 hours radio stations; some dailies are published in Urdu and Arabic.
The results are more or less impressive. Firstly, 78% ethnic minority men and 54% women in GB are economically active (to compare with 86% and 72% of white population.) Britain is the only EU country where the vast majority of the ethnic communities enjoy voting rights. EU report has stressed better institutional provisions for equal opportunities, including the sphere of police training and recruitment.
Question: Is racial inequality in UK rhetorics or proven fact? http://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jul/26/black-minority-ethnic-britons-budget-george-osborne-benefit-cuts (read and comment)
For Workshop read “Changing the debate on migration”
Women.
The UK has dropped down a global scale of gender equality to 26th place. Where is the government going wrong – and how to fix politics, pay and promotions?
The UK is 74th of 186 in terms of female representation in parliament. UK has a prime minister who responds to female MPs with facile derision (“calm down, dear”; “I know the honorable lady is extremely frustrated”)
It is estimated that women form 25% of managers and about 3 % of senior executives in GB; as a rule they are paid less for the same job. This is a legacy of past attitudes which is often referred to as ‘Glass ceiling’. The World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report found that the UK was a long way off closing the gender gap in terms of economic participation and opportunity, “with the country ranking 48th in terms of both labour force participation and wage equality, and 66th for estimated earned income”.
To break away with it, the Government is encouraging employers to adopt “family-friendly” policies which allow men and women to combine their working and domestic responsibilities. All government departments now offer their employees the chance to take a career break to look after their children (they receive no pay but gain a promise of an equal status job on their return), to work part-time or to job-share (divide a job between 2 people) – even quite senior posts. There exist special career training schemes for women, also mentoring schemes(where a more experienced member of staff advises a young woman). Women are also encouraged to gather together in networking groups to increase their circle of contacts and break the social isolation that may be felt by high profile female job-holders.There is even a Commons 300 group an all party national urganization working towards a minimum of 300 women MPs.
Last February, the Commons’ Science and Technology Select Committee published a report, “Women in STEM careers”. It brought up the effect of the “leaky pipeline”: the gradual and continuous loss of women at consecutive career stages within Stem. The report said: “Just 17% of all professors working in science, technology, engineering and mathematics are women.” From an already low point of 30%, the figure of Stem women drops a further 13 percentage points between graduation and employment.
Improvements in antenatal care lead to decrease of maternal deaths they account for just 1 % of all deaths of women of fertile age. Women inGB have the right to return to work after aperiod of 40 weeks’ maternity absence, provided that they worked full-time. 6 weeks of this is statutory leave, during which a woman is paid 90 % of her earnings. Provisions for maternity leave and child care are among the lowest in Europe.
Women face specific problems in terms of reproductive health, but are also more likely to be on antidepressants and tranquilizers – which relates to the disadvantages women face in the job market.
As to criminal activity, women make up only 17 % of known offenders and thier offences are overwhelmingly against property. Their peak age for offending is 15.
Question: what are constituents of gender equality in society? How does Russia look in this aspect? Is gender equality achievable? Which estimates are missing? (Read http://www.gender-equality.webinfo.lt/results/uk.htm and comment) Watch Emma Watson’s talk http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/emma-watson-calls-on-men-to-help-end-sexism-gender-equality-is-your-issue-too-9746926.html
Child Welfare in Britain.
Care for ‘in-need’ children. The definition ‘in-need’ is referred to children with disabilities and those suffering from social and economic deprivation.60 % of those are boarded out in foster homes, the rest receive residential care in children’s homes. The provision and management of children’s homes includes certain standard requirements. E.g., each home must produce a written statement of its purpose and function. The use of corporal punishment, the deprivation of food and drink or sleep or requirement to wear inappropriate clothing are prohibited. Those responsible for homes have to maintain detailed records of disciplinary measures. Homes must prepare a written plan for each child and consider arrangements for contact with family, after care, health and education.
Day care. By the time they reach the age of 5, the great majority of children in Britain willhave attended a day care group or nursery class. Private and voluntary day nurseries are registered with local authorities, and parents pay a fee for their services. Most playgrounds are run on a self-help basis by parents with one or two paid staff. The playgrounds have to be registered with local authorities; same about child-minders, who usually provide services in their own homes.
Benefits for Children and Families include: Statutory Maternity Pay (SMP), a one-parent benefit, family credit, which depends on a family’s net income. All children are entitled to free dental and medical treatment under the National Health Service.
Task: visit http://www.childrenengland.org.uk and enumerate issues they present.
Дата: 2019-11-01, просмотров: 258.