conclusion

Globally, there are numerous industrial sites with a large market potential for nuclear process heat utilization encompassing a wide range from low to high process temperatures: desalination, district heating, industrial process heat and steam delivery and synthetic fuel production. High temperature applications of nuclear energy, particularly for production of new fuels like hydrogen on a carbon dioxide emission free basis can have great potential for the future.

The simplest and most near term application with very large market potential for small sized modular nuclear reactors is the generation of high quality steam for consumers in the chemical and petroleum industries. Small units with the size of existing fossil fired cogeneration plants can take advantage of matching with the needs of the industries. In contrast, the large size of typical LWR units makes their thermal power levels too big to be consumed by any CHP application. While it certainly is feasible to employ LWRs for the cogeneration of electricity and heat, the diversion of high quality steam or heat for non-electric purposes will definitely be at the expense of the efficiency for electricity production due to the low operational temperatures.

Unit 3. The International Reporting System for Operating Experience

1. Read and translate the text:

Incident reporting is an important aspect of the operation and regulation of all public health and safety related industries. Diverse industries, such as aeronautics, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and explosives industries, depend on operating experience feedback to provide lessons learned about safety.

The International Reporting System for Operating Experience (IRS) is an essential element of the international operating experience feedback system for nuclear power plants. IRS reports contain information on events and important lessons learned that assist in reducing the recurrence of events at other plants. The IRS is jointly operated and managed by the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) — a semiautonomous body within the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development — and the IAEA. For the system to be fully effective, it is essential that national organizations allocate sufficient resources to enable the timely reporting of events important to safety and to share these events in the IRS database.

Use the additional sources and find one or two examples of each level of events

INES

INES - The International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale - is a tool for promptly communicating to the public in consistent terms the safety significance of reported nuclear and radiological incidents and accidents, excluding naturally occurring phenomena such as Radon.

The scale can be applied to any event associated with nuclear facilities, as well as the transport, storage and use of radioactive material and radiation sources. 

The primary purpose of the INES Scale is to facilitate communication and understanding between the technical community, the media and the public on the safety significance of events. It covers a wide spectrum of practices, including industrial use such as radiography, use of radiation sources in hospitals, operations at nuclear facilities, and transport of radioactive material. Events are classified on the scale at seven levels: Levels 4–7 are termed “accidents” and Levels 1–3 “incidents.” Events without safety significance are termed “deviations” and are classified below scale at Level 0.

Serious accident - Level 7

People and the environment

Major release of radioactive material with widespread effects on health and the environment, which requires the implementation and extension of planned countermeasures.

Major accident - Level 6

People and the environment

Significant release of radioactive material likely to require implementation of planned countermeasures.