1. Louis XIV's magnificent chateau evolved in four major phases.
2. When Louis XIV decided in 1668 that Versailles was to become a royal residence, able to house a small part of his court for months at a time, he ordered extensive additions.
3. Le Vau drew up plans to frame the New Chateau in a terraced "envelope" of yellow stone.
4. It was Mansart who designed the legendary Hall of Mirrors.
5. Louis XV loved his great-grandfather's formal palace and added much to it.
6. The history of Versailles as the residence of the French kings officially ended in 1837.
V. What happened in these years?
1661, 1668, 1670, 1682, 1710, 1789, 1837.
VI. Translate the following words and word combinations:
a)
· responsibilities
· state apartments
· to articulate
· by no means
· officials, guards, and servants
· to be furnished
· ornamental lakes
· bucolic palace
b)
· фаворит
· королевская резиденция
· вращаться вокруг Солнца
· постоянно
· Зеркальная галерея
· между тем
· обновление интерьера
· опустеть
VII. Find in the text the words these definitions belong to:
a) a large French country house or castle;
b) the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by right of birth;
c) ornamental grounds laid out for public enjoyment and recreation;
d) a surface, typically of glass coated with a metal amalgam, which reflects a clear image;
e) a large, decorative frame which holds light bulbs or candles and hangs from the ceiling;
f) a small picturesque cave, especially an artificial one in a park or garden;
g) the state of being free from public attention.
VIII. What are these names connected with in the text:
Louis XIV, Louis Le Vau, André Le Nôtre, Charles Le Brun, Apollo, Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Louis XV, Jacques-Ange Gabriel, Marie Antoinette, Louis-Philippe.
IX. Formulate the main idea of each paragraph of the text briefly.
X. Retell the text.
Saint Paul’s Cathedral
St. Paul's Cathedral has had an eventful history. Five different churches were built at this site. The first church, dedicated to the apostle Paul, dates back to 604 AD, when King Ethelbert of Kent built a wooden church on the summit of one of London's hills for Mellitus, Bishop of the East Saxons. At the end of the seventh century, the church was built in stone by Erkenwald, Bishop of London.
In 962 and again in 1087, the cathedral was destroyed by fire, but each time it was rebuilt and expanded. By that time, it had become one of the largest cathedrals in Europe. Renovations and extensions in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries enlarged the cathedral even more.
But disaster struck again on the night of September 2, 1666, when the Great Fire of London destroyed 4/5th of all of London, wiping 13,200 houses and 89 churches, including the St. Paul's Cathedral off the map.
In 1669, three years after the fire, Christopher Wren was appointed 'Surveyor of Works' and was tasked with the construction of a new church to replace the destroyed Gothic cathedral. Only the third design offered by him was accepted, and the first stone was laid on June 21, 1675.
The dome reaches a height of 111 meters (366 ft) and weights about 66,000 ton. Eight arches support the dome. On top of the dome is a large lantern with a weight of 850 ton.
560 steps lead visitors along three galleries all the way to the top of the dome. The first gallery, the Whispering Gallery, just inside the dome, is renowned for its acoustics. The second gallery, the Stone Gallery, is situated at a height of 53 meters (174 ft) on the outside of the dome, right above the colonnade. On top of the dome, at a height of 85 meters (279 ft), is the narrow Golden Gallery, which encircles the lantern's base. From here you have a magnificent view over the City.
The Baroque interior is just as imposing as the exterior of the church. The mosaics on the ceiling were added in 1890 by William Richmond after Queen Victoria complained that there was not enough colour in the cathedral. The baldachin above the altar was rebuilt in 1958 after it was damaged by bombardments during World War II. The design is based on a sketch created by Wren. The only monument in the church that survived the fire of 1666 is the tomb of John Donne, from 1631.
Several famous people are entombed in the cathedral's crypt. Most notable are the tomb of the Duke of Wellington - who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo - and the tomb of Admiral Nelson, who died at the Battle of Trafalgar. There is also a tomb of Christopher Wren himself and a number of important artists are buried here as well.
The impressive facade at the west side of the church consists of a large portico and pediment. A relief on the tympanum depicts the conversion of Paul and was created in 1706. The portico is flanked by two towers which weren't part of the original plan. Wren added them at the last minute, in 1707.
Active vocabulary:
to dedicate - посвящать
summit - вершина
to expand - расширять
wipe off - стирать
Surveyor of Works - главный смотритель королевских зданий
dome - купол
lantern - фонарь
renowned - известный
to encircle - окружать
ceiling - потолок
tomb - усыпальница
crypt - склеп
pediment - фронтон
tympanum - тимпан
to flank - быть расположенным сбоку
EXERCISES
I. Answer the following questions:
1. How many churches were built at the site of St. Paul's Cathedral?
2. Whom was the seventh century church built in stone by?
3. What happened on September 2, 1666?
4. What appointment did Christopher Wren get in 1669?
5. When was the first stone of the new cathedral laid?
6. How much does the lantern of St. Paul's Cathedral weigh?
7. What are the names of the galleries of the cathedral?
8. What was damaged by bombardments during World War II?
9. What does the cathedral's tympanum depict?
II. Find in the text the synonyms for the following words:
to consecrate, top, catastrophe, to assign, famous, impressive, to perish.
III. Fill the gaps in the following sentences:
1. At the ... of the seventh century, the church was built in ... by Erkenwald, ... of London.
2. ... and ... in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries ... the cathedral even more.
3. The Great Fire of London ... 4/5th of all of London, ... 13,200 houses and 89 ..., including the St. Paul's Cathedral ... the map.
4. In 1669 Christopher Wren was ... 'Surveyor of Works' and was ... with the construction of a new church to ... the destroyed Gothic cathedral.
5. The ... reaches a ... of 111 meters (366 ft) and ... about 66,000 ton.
6. The first ..., the ... Gallery, just inside the dome, is renowned for its...
7. The mosaics on the ... were added in 1890 by William Richmond after Queen Victoria ... that there was not enough ... in the cathedral.
8. The impressive ... at the west side of the church ... of a large portico and ...
Дата: 2019-03-05, просмотров: 293.
