Confucianism is a phylosophical system based on the teaching of Confucius and practiced in China for 2,000 years. Confucianism teaches a moral and social philosophy and code of behaviour based on peace, order, humanity, wisdom, courage and fidelity.

    Hinduism is one of the world’s major religions. It embraces various beliefs and practices, regarding none as essential. Many Hindus are vegetarian. The doctrine of transmigration of souls in an endless cycle, under the law of karma, is universally believed. The 3 paths of escape from the cycle are: duty, knowledge (can be found by meditation and yoga), and devotion to God. Hinduism began in the 2^nd c. BC. Krishna is worshiped as an incarnation of Vishnu, one of the major Gods of modern Hinduism.

    Buddhism is a widespread Asian religion and philosophy developed from Hinduism in the 6^th c. BC by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha. The basic teaching of Buddhism are contained in “four noble truths” (the philosophy of Enlightment): 1) all existence is suffering; 2) the cause of suffering is desire; 3) freedom from suffering is nirvana (the final goal of harmony and satisfaction); 4) ethical conduct, mental discipline, and wisdom – the means of attaining nirvana. Zen (“meditation”) is a sect of Japanese Buddhism which developed in China and spread to Japan in 1200 c.

    Shinto (“way of the gods”) is the indigenous religion of Japan based on the belief that royal family was descended from the sun-goddess Amaterasu Omikami. Worship of the Emperor and the Zen resulted in a close connection between Shinto and Japanese militarism.

    Judaism – the religion of the Jews, the most ancient of the world’s surviving monotheistic religions, deeply influenced on Christianity and Islam. The Torah (the first 5 books oh the Hebrew Bible, also of the Old Testament: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy) contains a history of the Jews until the death of Moses, the Ten Commandments and a corpus of ritual and ethical precepts. The Talmud (oral traditions, interpretations and instructions) supplements the Torah. There were Jewish sects at the time of Jesus Christ: 1) the Sadducees – priests in the Temple in Jerusalem; 2) the Pharisees – teachers of the Law; 3) the Essenes (Jesus Christ belonged to this sect); 4) the Zealots resisted the Romans until AD 70.

    Islam is the monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Muhammed in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7^th c. AD, which incorporates elements of Judaic and Christian belief (now the faith of one thousand million people in the world). The Koran contains information about ritual observances, a code of social behaviour, and the deeds of the Prophet of Allah. Modern Muslims are divided into orthodox Sunnites (the followers of Islam) and Shi’ites (in Iran, Iraq, 5 mln people in Azerbaijan).

    Christianity is one of the major world religions, arising out of Judaism and founded on the Life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Christians regard the Bible as authoritative (New Testament). The Emperor Constantine made Christianity Rome’s official religion in 324 AD. Almost from the beginning the church had been divided into the Greek-speaking East and the Latin-speaking West. This division led to the Great Schism of 1054.

    In medieval Western Europe the increasing power and corruption of the Roman Church sparked the Reformation of the 16^th c. and Protestantism emerged as various national churches separated from the Roman Catholic Church.

Answer the questions:

1. What major religions in the world do you know?

2. When were they founded and by whom?

Tasks:

          1. Enumerate the main books of the main religions.

          2. Describe the characteristics of these teachings.

    4.2. Introduction of Christianity in England. The English Church

    Celtic people believed their gods lived in natural places – in forests, on hilltops or by water. Their priests, druids, made human and animal sacrifices to the gods. They had long white beards, wore white linen robes, were able to cure people and foretell the future. The Celts believed in another life after death.

    Christianity was introduced into England by the Romans in the 3^rd c. After the arrival of pagan Anglo-Saxons it almost died out in England. Christian Britons fled to Ireland and Wales where the Celtic Church developed separately from Rome.

    In 597 the Pope, Gregory I, sent a mission to England in order to spread Christianity among the Germanic conquerors and to include England into the sphere of his political influence. First it was introduced in Kent. But Christianity also penetrated from Ireland. The Irish monks had greatly influence in Northumbria. In the 7^th c. Christianity spread all over England. The country was under the influence of the Roman Church.

    In the Middle Ages religion played an imported part in daily life. The Pope, leader of the Roman Catholic Church, dictated doctrine and organization, appointed church officials, and claimed spiritual power over all political leaders. This often led to tension between Church and State.

    From the 14^th c. there was increasing criticism of some of the Church’s teachings. This was condemned by the Church as “heresy”. Heretics, who refused to change their beliefs, and witches were burned alive.

    Henry Tudor (Henry VII, the 1^st Tudor King after the War of the Roses) married his eldest son Arthur to Catherine of Aragon, a Spanish princess. When Arthur died Catherine married his brother Henry, later Henry VIII (1509 – 1547). He needed a son. He wanted to divorce Catherine and marry Ann Boleyn.

    Royal marriages could sometimes be ended for political reasons, but only with Pope’s consent. However, the Pope refused to grant the divorce. To get what he wanted Henry decided to take control of the Church in England. He married Ann in 1533 and their daughter Elizabeth (later Elizabeth I) was born in 1534. And in this year Parliament passed the Act which declared Henry the Supreme Head of the English Church. Henry VIII had six wives.

The Pope expelled Henry from the Roman Catholic Church for heresy. In mainland Europe reformers, known as Protestants, were rejecting many of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. However, although Henry denied the Pope’s authority, he did not accept Protestant doctrines.

Between 1536 and 1539 Henry closed all the monasteries, most of them were sold, many were ruined, on the pretext, they were corrupt and not economically viable. This is known as the dissolution of the monasteries.

During the reigns of the first 2 Stuart kings (James I and his son Charles I): Parliament dominated by groups of extreme Protestants known as Puritans. Oliver Cromwell had the support of Scotland by promising to establish Presbyterian (a form of Protestantism, the official church of Scotland) in England, Wales and Ireland. Presbiterianism is a form of Protestantism based on the ideas of John Calving, a 16^th c. Church reformer. There are no compulsory rites, rituals or other forms of worship.

Religions of London. The religions practiced in London are as varied as the ethnic composition of its population:

● the Church of England (the established Church, the Monarch is the temporal “head”);

● the Church of Scotland (a Presbyterian Church).     

    London is the seat of an Anglican bishop and a Roman Catholic archibishop. In addition, there are churches for Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists and Presbyterians, synagogues for Jews, mosques for Muslims (mostly Arabs and Pakistans), and a variety of churches, temples, meeting-places for other religions and denominations.

Answer the questions:

1. What did Celts believe in? How were their priests called?

2. Who introduced Christianity into England?

3. When did the English Church appear and what influenced on this fact?

4. What churches are there in London?