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| 1) to lose | a) glance b) sight c) sort |
| 2) to manipulate | a) publication b) contributions c) associations |
| 3) to perfect | a) art b) fact c) fear |
| 4) to pair | a) efforts b) products c) techniques |
| 5) to evoke | a) designs b) feelings c) privileges |
| 6) to reciprocate | a) celebrity b) community c) generosity |
Exercise 5. Derive adjectives from nouns by means of suffixes -ic, -al,- able, -ible, -ing.
behavior, class, emotion, function, interest, origin, physiology, respect, response
Exercise 6 . Ask your groupmate:
1. whether he agrees or disagrees with the definition of the emotion given in the text;
2. what emotions he experiences when he is fatigued;
3. what he feels when he has not finished his work but a deadline is coming;
4. if he often experiences altruistic emotions;
5. if he likes to express his emotions and feelings openly;
6. whether he can inhibit his emotional responses quite easily;
7. if he used to respond to a frustrated situation in his childhood by an emotional storm.
Exercise 7. What is your reaction to be in the following situations:
(a)You see the threatening gestures towards some person.
(b)You see another person on the point of being run down by a bus which he has not seen.
(c)You watch a child playing on the road unconscious of the danger.
(d)You learn of the death of your friend's father.
(e)You learn that your neighbour has been run down by a bus.
Exercise 8. Characterize in short an emotionally-charged situation. Give examples.
Unit 8. DREAMS
Oral topic
DREAMS
A person sleeps away one-third his life. Dreaming alone accounts for more than 5 years of the average lifespan. Dreams as a biological clocks were probably a mechanism for survival. Sleep was a rhythmic process developed millions of years ago as a way of coping with life on a planet which had regular days and nights. Sleep protected people from the predators of the night and the inefficiencies of darkness.
But if we do not get to sleep at night, will it necessarily matter? Does it matter that night-shift workers do not get a normal ration of sleep? One way to find out if sleep is necessary is to take it away for three days and nights and see what happens, testing all the time which functions are affected most: our muscle co-ordination, our posture, our physical energy and strength, and most important, our mental vigilance.
Four students agreed to take part in such an experiment. After 36 hours without sleep they were still doing remarkably well at some things. After 72 hours without sleep everybody looked tired, their balance and muscle co-ordination had deteriorated and their mental vigilance had dropped. But basically there was nothing wrong. Heart, lungs and muscle strength were all fine.
In fact the body can do very well without sleep. Provided it is given adequate relaxation and food, there are no adverse effects on the body and its functioning. So if you miss a lot of sleep you are still able to operate, although the risk of making mistakes is increased.
But if the body does not need sleep, why do people feel so awful when they are deprived of it? What arc insomniacs actually complaining about?
The answer probably lies in our brains — the homes of our biological clocks. The body may not need sleep but millions of years of evolution have programmed our brains to sleep every night of our lives, and there is nothing we can do about it.
Freud, one of the first to analyze dreams, dubbed dreaming as the royal path to the subconscious. Dreams reflect our desires and motivate our behaviour.
Some people claim that they do not dream at all. That's not right. Everybody dreams. It is quite another matter if upon waking one forgets one's dreams. This depends on many factors, including family traditions.
Some people dream in black and white, others in colour. Dreaming in colour is more common among emotional people, with a flexible nervous system. Well-balanced, calm people sometimes dream in colour too, but pay less attention to it.
Sleep is composed of consecutive rapid and slow phases. One dreams several times per night, but only during a rapid phase of sleep. Dreams are so important, that if deprived of dreams, a person can experience serious psychic changes.
A person can be deprived of dreaming by waking at the beginning of a rapid phase. This moment can be recorded, heart beat becomes more frequent, irregular breathing patterns emerge, eye movements become more rapid.
'Rapid' sleep, and consequently dreams, are crucial for various reasons. Falling asleep is like scaling down the stairs of slumber to its extremely deep stages: initially, superficial sleep, followed by moderate sleep and then deep sleep. If this process did not stop, the logical progression would be the coma stage - a cerebral state which cannot be reversed. However, a rapid phase of sleep, whereby the brain awakens itself, ensues, bringing the slumber a few steps higher to facilitate another drop. Physiologically, this is absolutely vital. But this is also psychologically crucial.
Dreaming is a vital mechanism of psychological safeguard against difficulties of everyday life. At night, life seems unbearable, fraught with insurmountable difficulties, but comes morning the sun emerges inspiring hope and resolving problems. There is a Chinese saying -«We can sneeze away all our problems in our sleep.»
Nowadays there is an abundance of books on interpreting dreams. But the same images are interpreted in completely different ways depending on the book you choose, much is based on mere assumption, and stretches the imagination too far.
Books that interpret dreams are based on certain observations, but statistically they are not verified, one cannot generalize proceeding from the information therein. Interpreters of dreams try to foretell a person's future while the scientific research is to understand the essence of an individual, to penetrate into the subconscious.
Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
1. How does Freud define dreams? Do you support his definition?
2. What do our dreams reflect?
3. Do we remember our dreams?
4. Do we often see dreams in colour?
5. Do people dream all night long?
6. Why are dreams so important for people?
7. What does the Chinese saying state?
8. What do interpreters try to foretell in their books?
9. Do you think whether it is possible to predict our future or not?
10. What helps the man follow the regular rhythm of sleep and wakefulness?
11. Why do people suffer from insomnia?
Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences:
1. Sleep protected people from… .
2. The body may not need sleep but… .
3. Dreams reflect ... .
4. Dreaming in colour is more common among ... .
5. Sleep is composed of ... .
6. Dreams are very important because ... .
7. Falling asleep is like ... .
8. Books interpreting dreams are based on ... .
Exercise 3. Not long ago people tried to study while asleep.
What is your opinion of this method?
Exercise 4. Read the text again and say about:
- the purpose of the biological clock;
- the factors damaging the operation of the biological clock;
- the factors that keep us awake.
Exercise 5. Tell us, please, if you believe in a possibility not
to sleep at all.
Exercise 6. Describe:
a) your physical state after a sleepless night;
b) your idea of a good night's sleep.
Exercise 7. A role-play: Your uncle is a night worker. Ask him about his job and disadvantages of working at night.
Exercise 8. Choose the statement you think to be correct. Give your arguments.
1. Dreams reflect
a) our hidden wishes; b) past events; c) future.
2. Our brains
a) are busy while we are asleep; b) are at a rest; c) make up a future chain of events.
3. Dreams act as
a) a safety valve; b) a warning; c) a means of relaxation.
4. To understand a dream you must
a) study a number of books interpreting dreams;
b) note down it into a dream journal;
c) imagine what you would like to see in your dream.
5. The messages of our dreams revolve around
a) familiar people;
b) strangers;
c) your future friends.
6. If in your dream you are sitting an exam, it symbolizes
a) your fear;
b) your negative attitude towards this psychological testing;
c) your failure.
Exercise 9. Characterize the necessity of dreaming. Use the following word-combinations:
To reflect desires; to motivate behaviour; a vital mechanism; psychological safeguard; to inspire a hope; to resolve a problem; sleep deprivation; to promote alertness; to experience psychic changes; a safety valve; to reconcile conflicting feelings; to have a healing effect.
Exercise 10. Describe:
a) your most pleasant dream (use the following: amazing, fascinating, overwhelmed by emotions, puzzling, marvellous imagery);
b) the most unpleasant dream (use the following: feel panic, anxiety, worry, horror, alarm, awful).
-What did you feel while asleep and when awake?
Unit 9. FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY
Oral topic
FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY
The family performs several important social functions. Taken together, they suggest why the family is sometimes described as the backbone of society.
The family is the first and most important agent in socialization process. The personalities of each new generation are shaped within the family, so that, ideally, children grow to be well-integrated and contributing members of the larger societies. In industrial societies, of course, peer groups, schools, churches, and the mass media are also important in the socialization of children. But this remains the primary function of the family. The family also contributes to the continuing socialization of people throughout their life cycle. Adults learn and change within marriage, and as anyone with children knows, parents are influenced by their children just as their children learn from them.
From a biological point of view, of course, the family is not necessary to have children. Within families, however, children are born not only as biological beings, but also as members of society. Many important social statuses - including race, ethnicity, religion, and social class - are ascribed at birth through the family. This explains society's long-standing concern that children be born of socially sanctioned marriages. Legitimate birth, especially when parents are of similar position, allows for the most orderly transmission of social standing from parents to children and clarifies inheritance rights.
In ideal terms, the family protects and supports its members physically, emotionally, and often financially from birth until death. The family is usually a person's most important primary group, and the family members generally have intense and enduring relationships with one another. This concern for one another's welfare engenders an important sense of self-worth and security in each individual, as suggested by the fact that individuals living in families tend to be healthier than those who live alone.
However, the intense character of family ties also means that families have the ability to undermine the individual's self-confidence, health, and well-being. This fact has become clear as researchers have studied patterns of family violence and, especially, child abuse.
It is a well-known fact that marriage and family life are often perceived differently by various family members. Females and males are usually socialized quite differently in most cultures, so they have different expectations and perceptions of family life. Similarly, parents and children typically have different perceptions of the family because of their different positions in it. For example, children usually perceive their parents only as their mother and father, with little understanding of them as sexual partners. In addition, the experiences and perceptions of all family members change over time. Two people's expectations when they exchange their wedding vows usually change considerably when they confront the daily realities of married life. A change in the role of one spouse such as a wife entering law school is likely to alter the roles of other family members. Thus, one should point to the inadequacy of describing marriage and the family in terms of any rigid characteristics.
So family interaction is a process of negotiation in which people exchange socially valued resources and advantages. In other words, people enter into relationships prepared to offer something of themselves while expecting something in return.
Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
1.In what way is the family very often defined? Give your own definition of the family.
2.What social organizations contribute to the socialization of children?
3. What is the primary function of the family?
4. Why is it so necessary for a child to be born within the family?
5. How does the family support its members?
6. What kind of relationships exist among the family members?
7. Why do parents and children differently perceive the family?
8. What problems arise in this respect?
9. How would you characterize family interaction?
Exercise 2. Find in the text definitions of:
1)a family;
2)family interaction.
Exercise 3. Complete the following sentences:
1. The family contributes to ... .
2. The family performs several functions such as
3. The primary function of the family is ... .
4. The family protects ... .
5. The family supports its members ... .
6. The family plays a leading role in ... .
Exercise 4. Explain the following statements; give your own arguments:
1. Parents are influenced by their children just as their children learn from them.
2. Children should be born of socially sanctioned marriages.
3. Families have the ability to undermine the individual's self-confidence.
4. Parents and children have different perceptions of the family.
Exercise 5. Translate the following pairs of opposites:
a new generation — an old generation
a well-integrated member — a poorly-integrated member
long-standing concern — short-standing concern
similar position — different position
intense relationships — weak relationships
self-confidence — uncertainty
to confront the realities - to avoid the realities
advantages - disadvantages
to enter relationships - to break relationships
Exercise 6. Comment on the following quotations:
· «Family love is the most widespread and the most enduring feeling, and therefore, in the sense of influencing people's lives, it is also the most important and the most benign.» (N.Chernyshevsky)
· «Нарруis he who is happy at home.» (L.Tolstoy)
· «Family life is never an endless celebration. Learn to share not only joy, but also sorrow, grief, and misfortune.» (V.Sukhomlinsky)
· «Parents must be punished for bad children» (M.Gorky)
· «First we teach our children, then we learn from them. Those who are reluctant, fall behind the times.» (J.Rainis)
Exercise 7.
A. What do you think the following expressions mean?
1. to have / to get one's own way
2. to be close to someone
3. to be the black sheep of the family
4. to take someone's side
5. to see eye to eye (with someone) (on something)
Дата: 2019-02-25, просмотров: 345.