can't be bothered   contracts    freelance

mobility     obsolete     region   relocates

retrain        shipyard     tastes

1. People's … in clothes change with fashion and with then age.

2. If you … to do something, you just don't fool like doing it.

3. When something … it gets smaller.

4. A … is an area of a country.

5. When a company … to another part of the country or abroad, many workers lose their jobs.

6. … workers are not employees for a company, but are self-employed.

7. If something is … it no longer exists because it isn't needed anymore.

8. If you lose your job due to mechanisation, you may have to go to college and … for something else.

9. A … is where ships are built.

10. Your … is your ability to move from one place to another.

Now read the text again and choose the best answer or answers for each question.

1. Which kind of unemployment happens regularly every year?

A cyclical unemployment

B structural unemployment

C frictional unemployment

D seasonal unemployment

2. Which kind of unemployment happens because of advances in technology?

A cyclical unemployment

B structural unemployment

C frictional unemployment

D seasonal unemployment

3. Which kind of unemployment may happen because someone wants it?

A cyclical unemployment

B structural unemployment

C frictional unemployment

D seasonal unemployment

4. Which kind of unemployment happens because of changes in economic growth?

A cyclical unemployment

B structural unemployment

C frictional unemployment

D seasonal unemployment

5. Which kind of unemployment happens in particular parts of the country? (2 answers)

A cyclical unemployment

B structural unemployment

C frictional unemployment

D seasonal unemployment

ВАРИАНТ 9

Economic growth

Many millions of people enjoy a quality of life today that previous generations could not have dreamed of. Home ownership, private cars and holidays are now standard for most families in industrialised countries. And yet at the same time, billions of people in other countries live without even clean drinking water. How can this be? The answer is that the fortunate few live in countries with sustained economic growth.

An economy is growing when the gross national product is increasing year after year. When economists calculate economic growth, though, they must take into account the effects of inflation. For example, imagine that the gross national product of a country increased from $500 billion to $510 billion from one year to another. That's an increase of two per cent in output. Very impressive! However, if the rate of inflation was two per cent, then there has been no real growth at all.

The other thing to remember about economic growth is that not all growth is good. Governments want steady, sustainable growth. Sudden, sharp increases in growth - a boom - can cause the economy to overheat and fall into recession. For many economies, the long run growth over many years is steady, but the short run is a roller-coaster ride of boom and depression. For instance, the long run growth of the UK economy since 1950 has been a steady 2.5% per year. However, if you look closely at any decade you'll see that there is a cycle of growth, recession and recovery. The truth is, steady growth in the short term is very hard to achieve.

Nevertheless, many countries are still struggling to achieve any kind of growth at all. Why is this? What is necessary for growth to happen? Many economists have tried to find the answer to this question, and there are plenty of theories to choose from. However, most economists agree that three things are essential for economic growth to occur: capital growth, savings and technological progress.

Capital refers to the factories and machinery that the labour force uses to turn raw materials into products. More workers and more raw materials will only lead to a certain amount of growth. Eventually, the economy needs more capital for the labour to use. Capital growth can also include training and education for the labour force. This makes the workforce more efficient, creative and productive.

Of course, someone has to pay for the new machines and training. In other words, capital growth needs investment. Money for investment needs to be borrowed from banks. Banks can only lend if customers make savings. This is why savings are so important for growth. However, the economy will not grow if everyone is saving and no one is spending. Getting the right balance between consumption and saving is another part of the challenge of economic growth.

But above all, technology is the real miracle worker of economic growth. An advance in technology can increase productivity from the same amount of capital and resources: just what the chancellor ordered!

Переведите на английский язык:

1. При подсчете экономического роста учитывается инфляции.

2. Резкий, неожиданный экономический рост может вызвать перегрев экономики. Такой рост называется бумом.

3. Жизненно важными условиями экономического роста считаются сбережения, рост капитала и технологический прогресс.

4. Технологический прогресс ведёт к росту производительности без увеличения капиталовложений и ресурсов.

5. Долгосрочный экономический рост часто сменяется спадом экономической активности. Такой цикл называется промышленным или экономическим. Он включает четыре стадии: бум, спад, рецессию и оживление.

6. Когда устойчиво растёт спрос на товары и услуги, компаниям приходится брать на работу больше сотрудников, доверие потребителей растёт, поскольку растут их доходы.

7. При замедлении деловой активности экономический рост продолжается, но более медленными темпами. Начинает расти инфляция, доверие потребителей падает.

1. Choose the correct answer А , В or С from the list opposite.

1. In many ways life for previous … was much more difficult.

2. Home … has increased m many parts of Europe.

3. When the economy grows dangerously fast, we say it … .

4. A … is when the economy is growing quickly.

5. … are fairground rides like trams that go up and down very fast.

6. … in technology in the last 30 years has been incredible.

7. … is when you get better after something bad like an illness - or economic depression.

8. When you … you fight or work hard for something.

9. Don't buy anymore milk. We've got … in the fridge.

10. A fortunate person is very … .

11. Mountain climbers are people who enjoy a … .

12. The … is the government minister responsible for the economy.

13. … growth is growth that can continue for a long time.

1. A people            B generations C family

2. A ownership      B having    C belonging

3. A boils over       B overheats C warms up

4. A bang               B boom      C balloon

5. A roller-coasters B big wheels C bumper cars

6. A growth           B increase  C progress

7. A discovery                   B recovery C slump

8. A overheat         B recover   C struggle

9. A plenty        B a shortage C none

10. A hardworking B rich         C lucky

11. A challenge     B race        C boom

12. A economist    B prime minister    С chancellor

13. A sustainable   B sustained C sustaining