The analysis of ecological situation in Russia show that the crisis tendencies which appeared in the latest 15 years don’t get over and in several aspects becomes deeper inspire of the taken measures.

Russia with its saved huge tracts of forest (almost 65% of the total area of the country) has a very important meaning for ecodynamics. Together with some adjacent areas this massif forms The North Eurasian center of environmental stabilization which is the largest in the world and which importance for biosphere’s reconstruction will increase.

However 15% of the territory of Russia on which the main part of the population and industry is concentrated has unsatisfactory ecological condition and ecological safety is not guaranteed here. At that the specific indexes of the negative effects on the environment on the expectation of one person and units of gross domestic product in Russia are one of the highest in the world.

The excess of the allowed concentrations of the detrimental impurities is in the atmospheric air of 185 cities and industrial centres with the population of more than 61 million people (40% of the whole population of the country). The main sources of air pollution are still enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry and petrochemical industry, construction industry, power engineering, pulp and paper industry and motor transport.

The most unfavorable situation is in Arkhangelsk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Norilsk, Bratsk, Ekaterinburg, Kamensk-Uralskii, Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk, Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, Sterlitomak, Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk,
Novokuznetsk, Omsk, Cherepovets.

Subjective tests show that the percentage of the influence of the air pollution to the general children’s morbidity is 17%, grown up’s morbidity – 10% on average. Air pollution causes 41% of breathing organs illness, 16% of endocrine system illness, 2,5% of oncological illness.

Not only local sources of detrimental impurities influence greatly on forest on lake’s ecosystems and agroculture but remote sources including foreign ones also have strong influence on it. More than 1 mln. tones of oxygenated sulfur of transorganical origin fall to the European part of Russia every year which is more than from the Russian sources of pollution. Essential contribution into Russian’s environmental pollution by oxyge-nated sulfur and nitrogen make Ukraine, Poland and Germany.

The quality of water in the most Russian water objects doesn’t meet health and fishing requirements because almost 40% of jettisonable into them sewages are concidered to be polluted. Almost half of the population of the country has to use water that doesn’t correspond health requirements because of bad water treatment and unsatisfactory condition of utility. The quality of drinkable water hasn’t become better.

The execution of water-purifying measures is carried out in the inadequate way because of the unstable work of the majority of the enterprises, their hard financial condition, insufficiency of budgetary funds.

The ecological condition of the agrocultural lands remains also unsatisfactory, the tendency of the lands degradation still exists. 43% of arable land decreases in its containing of humus and in the Nechernozemnaya zona the area of such soils is about 45 %. The lands with radiation pollution do not shorten.

Great damage to the condition of the vegetation world is made by uncontrolled storing of berries, mushrooms, valuable species of medicinal plants. The damage made by forest’s vermines and sicknesses, fires and illegal cutting of the forests is also great. Every year more than 300 thousands of afforestation dies of these reasons.

However we can point to some positive tendencies in the changing of the quantity of hunting animals. The process of stabilization and the upgrowth of the mammals which are considered to be hunting objects such as elk, wild boar and roe can be explained by the effectiveness of the fight against poaching, improvement of the condition of forage reserve of the hunting animals. Though the prognosis of the quantity of the sturgeon is not favorable and strict measures should be applied to the poaching.

Still the problems of the industrial and common wastes recycling, chemical nuclear and biological weapon destruction are very actual. There is a threat of the import of dangerous wastes to Russia. The serious danger comes from physically and moral outdated depositories of liquid radiation wastes and worked-out nuclear fuel, revealed atomic submarines. The high scale of deterioration of technological equipment on the chemical, petrochemical and microbiological enterprises leads to man-caused damages with further chemical infection of the territory.

The ecological condition of the country is characterized in details in annual state reports on the environmental condition in Russian Federation which are issued and are available to the consumers.

To be read after Unit 12

Culture and Globalization

Culture and globalization are two different concepts. Culture is a way of life adopted by a certain group of people of a particular society at a specific time and place. While the second term, globalization, is an economic interaction amongst more than two countries. It shows global context than a limited interest of a country.

Every society has its own culture and way of life. Culture is established by a group of people who live together and adhere to some principles in their society. In a broader sense, culture is a phenomenon of inheritance, unconsciously adopted by a person who is born within that group. When a culture newly introduced to the globalization, people find it detrimental to their way of life. Such as they scared some inconsiderable concepts of other culture might take the place of their culture.

The foremost effect of globalization on the world is 'Westernization'. It is a modern concept that has been developing in the past few decades because of the impacts of western expansion and colonization. Westernization is a process, in which people practice or imitate western customs, lifestyle, and ideas. Here, we find globalization spreading its roots all across the world to make communication easier.

Some societies find globalization as a dominating concept. It might affect their lifestyle. If a society has complex cultural conditions like exploiting people on the ground of race, gender or class, people will surely try to get rid of such society. While on the other hand, a culture, the restricted group of people has some other issues like chauvinism, fundamentalism, religion, ethnic and racial hatred in controversy.

According to the views of developing countries, globalization increases phobia of inequality, conflicts, and instability. They cannot compete in business deals or cultivate their cultural values as compared to the developed countries.

One of the advantages of globalization is that it brings a worldwide identity. Everyone can represent their own culture and business independently. A country can take part in business deals as well as get a platform to share their culture with other.

Globalization is the one voice that represents world-wide communication. It welcomes all countries of the world, to increase interdependency and bridge the economic gap between two countries. After World War Two (1939-1945), globalization brought forth a cosmopolitan approach in the international market where all developed and developing countries could compete as well as share their culture with each other.

It's a social collaboration that not only integrates a society to a larger world economy but also roots out its flaws.

Globalization nourishes innovative ideas that can be easily implemented.

Every society has its own cultural identity. You can learn a foreign language and lifestyle of other cultures as well as talk about your mother tongue.

It's a unity of world culture where people are able to share their beliefs, rituals, values, and goals.

Multiculturalism, a concept that emerged from globalization in 1960, maintains different cultures and promotes their social linking.

The theory of globalization enables to share and adopt culture of other countries.

Both concepts are interconnected to each other via movie, television, business, tourism, and Internet today. Assimilation of culture and globalization is a good way of communication that symbolizes one voice throughout the world.