8. Read and translate the following sentences into Russian to have a better idea of how the words from the Active Vocabulary List can be used in context.

1. Some students intend to pursue a research career. 2. We decided not to pursue the matter. 3. She is pursuing her studies at the university. 4. The samples vary in quality but are generally acceptable. 5. There are various ways of doing this. 6. We want more variety in our work. 7. The variables in the equation are X, Y and Z. 8. The team’s performance this year has been very variable. 9. They revealed the plans for the new building. 10. The university teacher revealed to his students the beauty of science by actively engaging them in the learning process. 11. The role of scientists is to observe and describe the world, not to try to control it. 12. People must observe the law. Nobody should be an exception. 13. The doctor wants to keep him under observation for a week. 14. She has some interesting observations on possible future developments. 15. The research was done by means of the comparative method.

16. Descriptive methods are pretty much as they sound — they describe situations. 17. A considerable amount of psychological research uses the experimental method. 18. Today, different approaches for the development of modelling methods are available and promoted by different communities in research as well as practice. 19. The research method you will follow is directly connected to your problem statement and goal of research. 20. The social sciences apply different research methods. 21. Qualitative and quantitative research methods vary greatly in many ways, but also overlap. 22. The Richter Scale is a measure of ground motion. 23. The government is introducing tougher measures to combat crime. 24. This is a device that measures the level of radiation in the atmosphere. 25. The process of measurement is central to quantitative research. 26. This course provides an introduction to methodology and research methods relevant to undertaking a research degree in International Relations. 27. The relation between the original book and this new film is very faint. 28. These methods allow researchers to test hypotheses and theories and look for relationships between different variables. 29. They are now developing ways to produce the vaccine in large quantities and cheaply. 30. It is impossible to quantify the number of Web sites on the Internet. 31. It is quality not quantity that really counts. 32. Unemployment is a major cause of poverty. 33. The diffi cult driving conditions caused several accidents. 34. Is there a causal relationship between violence on television and violent behaviour? 35. Scientists found no causality between the events. 36. Scientific research relies on the application of various methods. 37. It is reasonable to assume that the economy will continue to improve. 38. This matter has assumed considerable importance. 39. These calculations are based on the assumption that prices will continue to rise. 40. They managed to con fi rm the hypothesis. 41. We will send you written con fi rmation of our offer shortly. 42. Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world. 43. Research methods aim at finding solutions to research problems. 44. The scope of research methodology is wider than that of research methods. 45. This subject lies beyond the scope of our investigation. 46. The course will introduce you to the various research methods used by psychology to investigate behaviour. 47. He was interested in learning about the sociological methods of investigation. 49. Here is a plan of how students intend to carry out their research investigation. 49. There is an equal number of boys and girls in the class. 50. This paper will mostly dwell on the methods for measuring equality of outcomes. 51. The author treats this issue in the next chapter. She always tried to

treat her students as/like adults. 52. This car has been specially treated against rust. 53. It is a complicated issue that requires careful treatment. 54. The book’s treatment of this important issue is unimpressive. 55. Previous treatments of this topic have ignored some key issues. 56. The researcher should determine the size of the test sample. 57. It is vitally important to be able to critically analyze a research report to determine if the methods and results are valid.

9. Match the pairs of antonyms from A and B and translate them.

A                                                                     B

1. different                                                    a. cause

2. same                                                         b. confirm

3. disconnection                                           c. observe

4. consequence                                             d. assume

5. know                                                         e. reveal

6. disprove                                                    f. equal

7. conceal                                                    g. various

8. disregard                                                 h. relation

 10. Match the noun(s) on the left with a suitable item on the right. Use each item once only.

 1. The investigation                                       a. was received yesterday

 2. The scope                                                  b. has improved a lot

 3. The solution                                              c. were applied in my thesis

 4. The confirmation                                       d. will be published in my paper

 5. The measurements                                          e. was broadened

 6. The research methods                                f. was that he was right

 7. The observations                                        g. were taken by us

 8. The findings                                               h. was carried on last month.

 9. The assumption                                          i. were made about my work

10. The quality                                                j. was diffi cult to find.

11. Replace the underlined words with the words below.

a) determine b) treat c) investigate d) solve e) rely f) overlap g) employ h) pursue i) cause j) vary

1. Research requires the collection and interpretation of data in an attempt to resolve the problem that initiated the research. 2. Some research has suggested that questionnaires are likely to lead to cultural confl icts. 3. This essay will look at three different research methods to ascertain the advantages of using them within psychology. 4. These deposits overlie some cave paintings and engravings. 5. In a non-experimental research design, the researcher does not control or alter any of the independent variables. 6. They will be prepared to carry on their studies in any field related to the English language. 7. Corporations depend on highly trained doctoral students. 8. Historical research allows one to discuss past and present events in the context of the present condition. 9. You need to use different research methods in your study. 10. Researchers use a number of different methods to study the most important problems of social psychology.

12. Memorize the active vocabulary to Text 4A.

13. Read and translate the following international words. Look up their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the part of speech.

 Formula n, collectively adv, principle n, biology n, geology n, physics n, dynamic adj, model n v, separate v adj, aspect n, characteristics n, personal adj, effect n, classic adj, series n, microorganism n, natural adj, natural adj, determine v, centre n group n, initiate v, correlate v, system n, temperature n, circulation n, causal adj, strategy n, generate v.

14. Read and translate the following word combinations which come from the texts of the Unit. Mind the use of nouns as attributes in preposition. Look up your dictionary if necessary.

 A science class, research findings, NASA scientists, knowledge body, soup broth, a flask type, health problems, a 370 kg spacecraft, a question nature, weather forecasts, wind speed, a computer-based model, weather patterns, real-world systems.

 15. Form the nouns with the help of the following suf fi xes. Read and translate them into Russian.

a) -ian: history, electric, mathematics, optical, political, technical, music, policy, technical, guard, beauty, comedy, theology;

b) -ist: economy, science, physics, tour, novel, education, type, active, expression, extreme, ideal, industrial, modern, sociology;

c) -ness: ready, happy, effective, attractive, aware, ill, kind, friendly, weak, careless, foolish, lovely, open, sad;

d) -cy: defi cient, accurate, effi cient, dependent, frequent, consultant, president, agent, accurate, consistent, fluent, private.

Section 3. GRAMMAR PRACTICE

16. Read and translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the meaning and use of the modal verbs and their equivalent forms.

 1. You have to present your research ideas in papers and seminars. 2. A PhD thesis must represent a substantial result in a very high standard. 3. You must be tired after your hard work. Have a rest. 4. For research topics in the experimental and theoretical sciences, the laboratory or development phase of the work may require the closest supervision and discussion with the candidate. 5. A thesis must express the candidate’s voice. Any assistance with writing must be conducted as part of the overall learning process. 6. It is important to choose a research method which is within the limits of what the researcher will be able to do. 7. He can’t have finished that job yesterday. 8. He could use different methods to collect the data. 9. All presentation preparations may have been completed last week. 10. The designers are of the opinion that this structure ought to be used in the interests of the speed of construction. 11. These materials might include internal company information, relevant trade publications, newspapers, magazines, annual reports, company literature, on-line data bases, and any other published materials. 12. At the stage of thesis preparation, the candidates will have to be able to express themselves with precision, clarity and conciseness. 13. The thesis should include general discussion of the candidate’s results and fi ndings, and of their signifi cance in relation to the current state of knowledge in the fi eld. 14. They will be allowed to begin work in the lab tomorrow. 15. You should have chosen the different methods to be applied in your research. 16. Since the 1980s, they have been able to buy their own homes very cheaply if they have lived in them for over two years. 17. No matter what form the thesis takes, it has to be presented, in both form and content, as a unified whole and address a signifi cant research question. 18. All theses, whether they contain publications or not, must have a literature review that clearly details the research question, and a general discussion that integrates the work.

17. Use the model verbs must, can, may, should, ought to to complete the sentences. There may be more than one possible answer.

 1. It is too far to walk from here to the station. You ... take a taxi. 2. Mary got the job because she ... speak five languages. 3. The windows are dirty. I ... clean them. 4. You ... use a dictionary. 5. I like this hotel room. You ... see the lake from the window. 6. It is a good fi lm. You ... see it. 7. He ... take my book. 8. We ... go to the bank today. We have no money. 9. When you are driving, you ... wear a seat belt. 10. We ... see the lake from our window. 11. If you have time, you ... visit the museum. It is very interesting. 12. I ... come and see you tomorrow. 13. She ... use this computer program. 14. Your salary is very low. You ... look for another job. 15. Ann is a very interesting person. You ... meet her. 16. Take an umbrella with you when you go out. It ... rain later. 17. Sandra ... drive but she hasn’t got a car. 18. Tomorrow the game is very important for us. We ... win. 19. Students ... bring textbooks into the examination room. 20. It is late and you are very tired. You ... go to bed.

 18. Refer the following sentences to the past and the future by changing the forms of the modal verbs must (have to/be to), can (could, be able to), may (be allowed to); use them in the negative and interrogative. Translate the sentences into Russian.

 A) 1. You must pay attention to new technologies. 2. We must pass the examination in English. 3. You must improve your results fi rst. 4. You must know the theme of the thesis very well. 5. You must join this project to do some real work.

 B) 1. You can become a researcher in this area. 2. He can build up general knowledge, experience, and confi dence. 3. Jane can continue her studies at the correspondence department. 4. She can get important results. 5. He can capture research opportunities.

C) 1. You may stop work early today. 2. The students may use this library. 3. He may take my pen. 4. John may use my office. 5. You may go home after your lectures.

 19. Read and translate the following sentences with the modal verbs expressing degrees of certainty and possibility in the present and in the future: must ( наверное , должно быть ), may/might ( вероятно , возможно ), can’t ( не может быть ).

1. Colleagues may be appropriate readers and editors of a thesis. 2. You are an architect, aren’t you? That must be an interesting job. 3. When it comes to the point of presenting your dissertation results and discussing them, you may be a little confused how to do this and so many of us are when we fi rst do it. 4. Helen must get very tired in her job. She does the same thing every day. 5. That can’t be John, he is in London. 6. They might have deep insights on similar problems.

 20. Read and translate the following sentences with the modal verbs expressing degrees of certainty, possibility or obligation in the past.

 1. That report must have focused on postgraduate courses only. 2. Such awards should have been restricted to graduates or academic staff who were well-established in their fields. 3. They can’t have built the house of their own out of the nearest available materials. 4. This technology must have been applied to a newly designed building. 5. He may not have found an advisor sometimes. 6. These experts should have become involved more actively in the design process.

 21. Translate the following sentences into English using the modal verbs.

1. Сравнительный, описательный и экспериментальный методы должны позволить вам достичь цели исследования. 2. Его коллега может помочь ему получить желаемые результаты. 3. Вам придется продолжить это исследование. 4. Ей разрешили воспользоваться этим оборудованием. 5. Вы можете не применять эти научно-исследовательские методы. 6. Он мог заранее подготовить ответы на вопросы. 7. Эти данные, вероятно, требуют дальнейшей обработки. 8. Нам приходится много работать. 9. Он сможет установить причинную связь между этими явлениями. 10. Она, должно быть, опубликовала две статьи. 11. Мой научный руководитель, возможно, будет возражать против того, чтобы я проводил исследование в этой области. 12. Ему следовало подтвердить теоретические положения экспериментальными исследованиями. 13. Ей пришлось решать эту проблему. 14. Вам следует представить данные в количественной форме и обобщить результаты исследования.