Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–1864)
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Nathaniel Hawthorne is perhaps best – known for his novel – or «romance», as be called it «The Scarlet Letter» (1850). In this work and others including «The House of the Seven Gables» (1851) and such stories as «Roger Malvin’s Burial», «Young Goodman Brown», «The Maypole of Merry Mount», and «The Minister’s Black Veil», Hawthorne sketches the spiritual history of New England.

Hawthorne’s works explore moral issues by probing psychological recessesthat only a few American writers have treated. In their penetrating analysis of states of mind, their laying bare of human motivation, and their canny use of the supernatural, Hawthorne’s stories reward repeated readings. Like Edgar Allan Poe, Hawthorne evinced a strong interest in the working of the human mind and heart, though Hawthorne exhebited a greater interest in the moral and religious imagination than did Poe. Like Herman Melville, a writer who greatly admired his work, Hawthorne portrayed spiritual struggle, particularly the conflict between faith and doubt and the tension between impulse and restraint sketch.

Though often centered around a moral idea or spiritual value, Hawthorne’s stories typically develop and explore that idea or value by means of an intense scrutiny of the psychological impulses displayed by this characters. His characters are not so much realistic counterparts of actual people as allegorical figures that symbolize on concept or idea. The main character of «Young Goodman Brown «, for example, bears a universalisins name while his wife, Faith, is clearly allegorical.

Even this use of names, however, is more complex than we have suggested. Hathorne at his best created characters who embody moral and spiritual ideas while containing characteristics that make them believable as human agents. In fact, one of the most interesting aspects of Hawthorne’s fiction is the way he combines and integrates the real and supernatural, the apparent and the actual, the moral and the psycological. It is the dialectic between these complementary pairs that often reveals the conflict in his stories and complicates and enriches the ideas embodied in them. If the heart of Hawthorne’s fiction is found at the intersection of the moral and the psycological, the spirit of his stories blends the fanciful or imaginary with the historical. By casting the settings of some stories back two centuries, Hawthorne created a distance that enabled him to explore and evaluate America’s Puritan legacy.

Nathaniel was a child when his father died, leaving his father to a life of self – imposed seclusion which Hawthorne himself followed upon his graduation from Bowdoin College, choosing to live for twelve years in his mother’s house in Salem. During this time he published privately his first novel,

«Fanshawe» (1828), and numerous tales and sketches in periodicals such as «The Token». His early tales were collected and published together in 1837 as «Twice Told Tales» expanded (in 1842). A later collection, «Mosses from an Old Manse,» which so impressed Herman Mellville, was published in 1846. Through an emphasis on the themes of secrecy, guilt, isolation and spiritual pride, the stories and sketches in both volumes conistently reveal Hawthorne’s preoccupation with the effects of Puritanism on New England. In their moral intensity his stories display the kind of religious and spiritual obsessivness that characterized the Puritan sensibility. In their sharp focus on a few central characters (such as Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth in «The Scarlet Letter») they demonstrate an affinity with Greek tragic drama, with which they share also a dark catastrophe and an acute psychological insight.

In 1842 Hawthorne settled in Coneord, Massachusetts, and married Sophia Peabochy,

who bore him two daughters and a son. He worked as surveyor of the part of Salem (a kind of customs inspector) and wrote among other works a campaign biography of his college friend, Franklin Pierce. Upon Pierce’s election to the presidency Hawthorne was made American council at Liverpool, England (1853–1857), which served as a base for his continental travels, particularly to Italy, where he lived for two years. After his sojourn abroad Hawthorne returned to Cancord where he continued writing completing his final novel, «The Marble Fawn» (1860), as well as «Our Old Home «(1863), observations on living in England. Following his death in 1864, his wife edited his note – books, which were published posthumously along with fragments of an aborted romance.

Although Hawthorne’s fictions is astonishingly accurate psychologically, his work is more romantic them realistic. In fact, he claimed that he did not write novels but romances, which freed him from the necessity of remaining faithful to literal reality so he could concentrate on achieving what he considered the more important inner truths of art.

His fiction is riddled with symbols, from the forest in «Young Goodman Brown» to the garden in «Rappaccini’s Daughter» to the scarlet A worn by Hester Prynne in «The Scarlet Letter».

Hawthorne’s symbols, moreover, are polyvalent they mean different things, some of which the author articulates in the voice of an anonymous narrator, but all of which are finally left up to the reader to understand. Hawthorne in fact frecuently provides two or more ways of interpreting a symbol or understanding an event, as, for example, whether Goodman Brown really went into the forest or dreamed his experience, or the multiple explanations of Hester Prynne’s letter Part of our pleasure in rewarding Hawthorne’s storis results from watching him create the ambiguities that make interpreting his work so rewarding. Part results from his playfulness and the evident pleasure of thought he requires for readers to tease out the various layers of significance in his fiction. Part also derives from the economy with which he works, suggesting much in little, in the manner of a poet.

If Edgar Allan Poe can be considered America’s finest writer of tales of terror and suspense, if Herman Melville can be considered our finest philosophical writer of fiction and Mark Twain our greatest realist and satirist, then the honor of being America’s greatest psychological and moral writer is Hawthorne’s.

It is Hawthorne more than any other American writer who most fully explores the powerful moral and psychological influences of Puritanism and who best reveals the workings of the human heart.

Nathaniel Hawthorne is perhaps best known for his novel-or «romance» as be called if – «The Scarlet Letter» (Алвон харф) (1850). In this work and others including «The House of the Seven Gables» (1851) (Етти фронтли уй) and many other stories Hawthorne sketches1 the spiritual history of New England.

Hawthorne’s works explore moral issues by probing psychogical recesses2 that only a few American writers have treated.

Nathaniel Hawthorne gives us penetrating analysis of mind 1 акл; 2 перем, валон зур акл эгаси, акил, доно, элим, муиафаккир бош. Human mind and heart interest the writer very much. He also exhibited a greater interest in the noral and religious imagination (than did edgar Pol).

Herman Melville greatly admired Hawthornes psychological work. Hawthorne portrayed spiritual straggle, particularly the conflict between faith = вера and doubt and the tension between (arge), порыв; (elec) импульс; to set on – поддаваться порыву impulse and restraint (ris’treint) (moderation) бошлик сдержанность 6; (restriction) ограничение.

1) sketch n. (drawing) эскиз, набросан; (outline) набросок; (theat TV) скетч = кичик хажвий ______? тури; v t (drawing) набросать; also – (out) обрисовывать в общих чертах.

2) recess [ri’ses] n. (in room) ____?; sec (secret place) тайинлик перем. Бирор нарсанинг энг яширин (_____?) томони; (pol. etc.: holiday) каникулы pl, (US Law: short break) перепыв; (seal) большая перемена.

3) Romance [rэ’m_ns] n. (love affair, novel) роман; (charm) романтика; (Mus.) романс

Фронтон – архит. бино фасадининг учбурчак шаклидаги томчаси булган тепа кисми шунингдек, эшик, деразалар тепасидаги шу шаклда ишланган безак.

Writing in the

Scrutiny n. – тщательное изучение (= рассмотрение); наблюдение, пухта, синчиклаб урганиш (куриб чикиш); кузатиш.

Counterpart (s) – нусхалари – копии; (коллеги – хамкасблар).

Integrate (s) v t интег (gpoups, individuals) объединяться = бирлашмок. mid – nineteenth century, Hawthorne reinvented the history of his Puritan ancestors (his grandfather was a judge at the Salen witch trials). By casting the settings of some stories back two Centuries, Hawthorne created a distand that enaled ____ to explone and eraluate Americas Puritan legacy. Наследства, наследие.

Through an emphasis on the themes of secrecy, секретность quilt, isolation, and spiritual pride, the stories and sketches in both volumes consistentey reveal Hawthorne’s preoccupation with = озабоченность the effects of Puritanism on New England. In their moral intensity his stories display the kind of religious and spiritual obsessivness = одержимость that characterized the Puritan sensibility. In their sharp focus = центр; фокус on a few central characters (such as Hester Pryme, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger chilling worth in «The Scarlet Letter») they demoustrate an affinity = близость; родство with Greek tragic drama, with which they share also a dark catastrophic and an acute phsyshological in sight.

In 1842 Hawthorne settled in Coneord, Massachusetts, and married Sophia ______body, who bore him two daughters and a son. He worked as surveyor = инспектор of the port of Salem (a king of customs inspector) and wrote among other works a campaign biography of his college friend, Franklin Pierce. Upon Pierce’s election to the presidency Hawthorne was made American consul = ____________ at Liverpool, England (1853–1857), which served as a base for his Continental travels, particularly to Italy, where he lived for two years. After his sojourn = пребывание abroad Hawthorne returned to Concord where he Continued writing, completing his final novel, «The Marble Farn» (1860), as well as «Our Old Home» (1863), observatious on living in England Following his death in 1864, his wife edited his notebooks, which were published posthumously along with fragments of an aborted romance [r ‘m ns] (love after, novel) Роман, charm романтика; (Mus) романс. Although Hawthorne’s fiction is astonishingly allurate psychologically, his work is more romantic than realistic. In fact, he claimed that he did not write novels but romances, which freed him from the necessity of remaining faithful to literal realidy so he could concentrate on achieving what he considered the more important inner truths of art.

His fiction is riddled with symbols, from the forest in «Young Goodman Brown» to the scarlet A worn by Hester Prynne in «The Scarlet Letter».

Хотя художественные произведения Хоторна удиветельно аккуратные психологические, они более романтические чем реалистические.

Эскиз 1) расм ёки суратнинг дастлабки, тахминий, хомаки нусхаси, номунаси; 2) бирор нарсани ясашга, куришга асос буладиган сурати ёки лойихаси.

Scrutiny (‘skru:tini) n. тщательное изучение or рассмотрение; under sub: s под чьим‑н. наблюдение.

Couuterpart (‘kjuntepl: t) n (of person) коллега (of document etc.) копия.

Integrate v: t (‘intigrei: t) интегрировать

v:t (groups, individuals) объединяуеься.

Integral (‘intigrol) adj. (feature, element) неотъемлемый (неотъемлем) n (math) интеграл.

Improse v:t (sanetions, vestrictions, discipline ete) налогать, наложить v:t to on smb. навязываться (навязаться) кому-нибудь.

Seclusion (si’klu:sen) уединения;

in в уединении.

token n (sign, souvenir) знак; (substitution coin) жесток.

adj (strike, payment ete) символический;

by the same (tig) по той же причине;

book gift (Brit) книжный / подорочный талон

record (brit) талон на пластинку.

expan d (ed) vt (areo, business, influence) расширять

(numbers) увеличивать; (gas, metal, business) расширеться; (population) увеличиваться.

to on (story, ideo ete) подробно разъеснять.

aftnity (efiniti) n to have an with (bond) ощущать близость с;

(resemblance) обноруживать родство с.

insight (into) понимание to gain an into smith вникать в что-нибудь.

surveyor (se’veie) n (of land) топограф (of house) инспектор

sojourn (‘sodse:n) пребивание;

abort (ed) vt (plan, activity) прекрещать;

(comput) преривать; med to a baby делать

valent

multiple (‘m ltipl) adj (injuries) многочисленный;

(interests) разнообразный n (natn) кратное число;

(Brit) also stove филиал сети (магазинов); collision столкновение нескольких автомобилей.

Suspense (ses’pens) n (uncertainty) тревога, ожидания;

(in film etс) подвешенном состоянии напряжении. to keep smb. In держать кого-нибудь в.

 

Дата: 2019-07-30, просмотров: 575.