1) What has increased with people's growing awareness of their physical environment as they occupy more and more land?  

   2) Urban cadastre becomes a necessity if we are to live in harmony with our surroundings‚ doesn’t it?

  3) Isn’t land limited in its connotations to acreage for home sites, a location for urban expansion, or any other single purpose?

  4) What is available for cadastre?

  5) How many approaches are there that hold promise in solving the dilemma?

Find the English equivalent s of the following Russian

Phrases in the text.

   1) Физическая среда;  

  2) городской кадастр; 

  3) общая цель;   

  4) участок гнезда;   

  5) геологические факторы.

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Fill in the gaps with the words from the box.

Each word can be used only once.

   1) Specialists in many fields will have to tax their __________ and work in cooperation toward a common goal before we can develop a functional __________ program.

    2) __________ resources are not necessarily __________ only on the surface but in the substance of the land.

3) Geology is the science of the __________: its surface, its atmosphere, its __________, and its resources.

4) A major problem in planning for good urban __________ involves the lack of adequate input of __________ geologic principles.

5) A compromise of the two __________ would be the more beneficial and __________ solution.

Circle the Odd Word Out.

1) Awareness‚ words‚ years;

2) developers, numbers, realtors;

3) earth, goal, land;

4) data, information, science;  

5) found, involve‚ hold.

Translate the sentences into English

using the Past Indefinite Tense.

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1) Геологи открыли этот минерал ещё в 1982 году.

2) Наша группа не работала с подобным материалом прежде.

3) Эксперты тщательно изучили данную проблему и нашли несколько способов её решения.

4) В прошлом году вы сдали отчёт по своей работе одним из первых.

5) Планировщики не учли вероятность возникновения новых строительных работ на этом участке.

Text

Ecological State of Areas

      There is a number of striking parallels between the challenges that lead to the emergence of welfare states during the 20th century, and the contemporary challenges presented by accelerating global environmental problems. Chief among these similarities is that both welfare states and ecological states are faced with the task of mitigating negative market externalities. The welfare state took on gradually increasing responsibilities for mitigating social and human costs of the market economy. States are gradually taking increasing responsibilities for addressing environmental problems, and are developing more encompassing environmental policy portfolios in order to mitigate the effects of the market’s environmental externalities.

      Price signals on the market do not fully reflect environmental costs associated with production and transportation of market goods, which in turn creates unsustainable consumption patterns. The trick is therefore to internalize environmental cost, i.e. to make producers and consumers pay the full price for the environmental goods and services they are utilizing. Within environmental economics, this has often been addressed as a question of getting the incentives right, either in terms of correctly valuing the environmental costs or as a question of stimulating a certain frequency of the desired behavior  among actors.

    The main task confronting the ecological state of areas can be defined as the task of producing and maintaining environmental public goods. By extension, the extent to which a given state can be considered to be ecological is determined by its capacity for producing

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environmental collective goods. This statement is however too broad to be analytically useful as it overshadows important dissimilarities between environmental problems stemming from the fact that there are many different types of environmental public goods. A basic distinction can be made between provision problems and appropriation problems of securing a public good. Provision problems has to do with problems of securing contributions to a public good, such as building, financing, and  maintaining an irrigation  system or a waste recycling system in a city. Appropriation problems are problems related to the use of limited resources, such as withdrawals of water from a ground water basin, timber from a forest, or fish from a fish stock. If provision problems are not solved the public good will not be realized, and if appropriation problems are left unchecked the public good will become depleted whenever the resource is less than infinite. Many environmental problems can be seen as being both provisioning and appropriation problems. For example, air pollution can be seen as a problem of implementing and maintaining a system for monitoring and sanctioning of emissions, or as a case of controlling withdrawals from a limited resource of clean air.

Exercises