Pastoral societies are those rely mainly in domesticated livestock,while agrarian societies are those grow crops (practice agriculture). Many societies have had pastoral and agrarian economics
11. Non-industrial or traditional civilisations.

 From about 600 BCE onwards , we find evidence of larger societies that ever existed before, which contrast in distinct ways with earlier types. These societies were based on the developments of cities, showed very pronounced inequalities of wealth and power and were associated with the rule of kings of emperor.
12. The modern world: the industrialised societies.

Industrialisation refers to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources (like steam or electricity).
A central feature of industrial societies today is not a large majority of the employed population work if factories, offices or shops rather than on agriculture. In sociology, an industrial society is a societydriven by the use of technology to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labour. ... They are often contrasted with traditional societies. The United States, for example, is an industrial society because a considerable portion of its economy is tied to jobs that involve mechanized labor, like factory farming or auto-assembly plants, which involve a combination of machines and human employees to produce consumer products.
13. Nation-states as political communities.

Nation states are political communities, divided from each other clearly delimited borders rather than the vague frontier areas that used to separate traditional states. The nation state is a system of organization in which people with a common identity live inside a country with firm borders and a single government.
Iceland: although the inhabitants are ethnically related to other Scandinavian groups, the national culture and language are found only in Iceland.
Japan includes minorities of ethnically distinct Ryūkyū peoples, Koreans, Chinese, and on the northern island of Hokkaidō, the indigenous Ainu minority; see also Japanese Demographics .
Portugal:They include: native Iberian peoples, Celts, ancient Mediterraneans (Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans), Germanic peoples like the Suebi and the Visigoths, invading Berbers and Arabs, and Jews

14. Global development and the ‘three worlds’.
First World countries were and are the industrialized states of Europe, the USA, Canada, Greenland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Japan. Nearly all First World societies have multiparty, parliamentary systems of government.
Second World societies meant the communist countries of what was then the Soviet Union (USSR) and Eastern Europe, including, for example, Czechoslovakia, Poland, East Germany and Hungary. Second World societies had centrally planned economies, which allowed little room for private property of competitive economic enterprise. They were also one party states: The communist Party dominated both the political and economic systems 

Third World is a name for the poorer countries of the world, for example some of those in Africa, South America, and Asia, that have less developed industry than other countries, and in which many people are poor:

The term "Developing World" is now considered to be more acceptable than "Third World".

The bank has long sought to foster growth in the Third World by financing state-owned industries.

The developing world.

A developing country (or a low and middle income country , less developed country, less economically developed country , or underdeveloped country) is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index relative to other countries. a poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and socially.
16. Newly industrialising countries.

NICs are countries whose economies have not yet reached a developed country's status but have, in a macroeconomic sense, outpaced their developing counterparts. Such countries are still considered developing nations and only differ from other developing nations in the rate at which an NIC's growth is much higher over a shorter allotted time period compared to other developing nations

newlyindustrialized countries included Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan. Examples in the late 2000s included South Africa, Mexico, Brazil, China, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Turkey.
17. Social change and cultural factors.

Social change is an alteration in the social order of a society. Social change may include changes in nature, social institutions, social behaviours, or social relations.
Cultural factors influence social changes. Societies and cultures are closely related to each other and we can say the cultural change involve social change. To influence social change, cultural factors like ideologies, values, attitudes and ideas of greatmen plays an important role in the whole process.
18. The physical environment, economic and political influences.
The physical environment has an effect on the development of human sense organization. This is clearest in more extreme environmental conditions, where people must organize their ways of life in relation to weather conditions.
Economic influence. Of EI the most far reaching is the impact of capitalism. Capitalism differs in a fundamental way from pre-existing production systems because it involves the constant expansion of production and the ever increasing of wealth
Political influence. The struggle between nations to expand their power develop their wealth and triumph militarily over their competitions has been an energizing source of change over the past two or three centuries. For example. At the beginning of the 20th century, Germany wanted to dominate the world.
19. Information technology and the possibilities for contact among people around the globe.

The 21st century is the century of new technologies. Information technology allows people from different parts of the world to communicate with each other. Information technologies influence politics, economics, education, medicine. Modern man can not do without the Internet. The Internet is a worldwide network. Absolutely everyone is sitting on social networks. Unfortunately, there are downsides. Since hackers can get absolutely all the information about a person.
20. The ‘electronic economy’ and economic globalisation.
Electronic economy refers to an economy that is based on digital computing technologies, although we increasingly perceive this as conducting business through markets based on the internet and the World Wide Web.

Economic globalization refers to the mobility of people, capital, technology, goods and services internationally. It is also about how integrated countries are in the global economy. It refers to how interdependent different countries and regions have become across the world.

While becoming more integrated into the global economy tends to bring increased wealth to a nation, globalization is commonly linked to greater inequality.